The fourth industrial revolution glossarium: over 1500 of the hottest terms you will use to create the future. Textbook

«C»

C2C E-commerce refers to the selling of goods directly from one consumer to another online. Typically, an online service serves as a platform and enabler for this type of digital commerce¹⁷².

Call center is a centralized department that handles inbound and outbound calls from current and potential customers. Call centers are located either within an organization or outsourced to another company that specializes in handling calls¹⁷³.

Call for Twinning Tenders is a DHE informational document on the purpose of twinning’s, twinning conditions, information on tendering and the evaluation and award criteria¹⁷⁴.

Call to Action (CTA) refers to a prompt that attracts the attention of a web page visitor and guides them to perform a desired action. A CTA is usually a link or an image which the visitor is supposed to click, or which requests the user’s email address or asks them to make a phone call. A CTA is one of the basic tools of conversion rate optimization¹⁷⁵.

Calm Technology is technology that does not affect life or the environment in which (or for which) it is produced¹⁷⁶.

Canonical Formats in information technology, canonicalization is the process of making something conform with some specification… and is in an approved format. Canonicalization may sometimes mean generating canonical data from noncanonical data. Canonical formats are widely supported and considered to be optimal for long-term preservation¹⁷⁷.

Capability – the organizational ability to intentionally and systematically use improvement approaches, methods and practices, to change processes and products/services to generate improved performance. The key word here is use. While capacity provides the potential for improvement, it is the active application and use of improvement approaches and practices that determine whether improved results will be realized¹⁷⁸.

Capacity (building) can be defined as the ability of individuals and organizations or organizational units to perform functions effectively, efficiently and sustainably. Capacity building is an evidence-driven process of strengthening the abilities of individuals, organizations, and systems to perform core functions sustainably, and to enable continuous improvement and development over time¹⁷⁹.

Capacity building framework. DHE WP3 developed a capacity building framework drawing on other existing frameworks which target all kinds of stakeholders who are interested in scaling-up person-centred digital solutions for integrated care. As part of this framework, 8 key components and 20 building blocks have been defined¹⁸⁰.

Capsule neural network (CapsNet) – a machine learning system that is a type of artificial neural network (ANN) that can be used to better model hierarchical relationships. The approach is an attempt to more closely mimic biological neural organization¹⁸¹,¹⁸².

Card image is eighty characters of data stored as a single physical record. A file storage format of 80 characters or bytes per record. The card-image format is a remnant of the time when data were literally input on punch cards that had physical limits of 80 characters per card. Usually a case or all the data for a single respondent is stored on several 80-character «cards.» Each «card» is numbered and stored in numerical sequence. Cards with the same sequence number (i.e., having a common format for the layout and contents of variables) are called a «deck»; thus, cards are often referred to in documentation by their «deck number». Example: «The variable for age is stored in Deck 01 in columns 10—11 and the variable for race is stored in Deck 02 in column 10»¹⁸³.

Cardano (ADA) is a third-generation, decentralized proof-of-stake (PoS) blockchain platform designed to be a more efficient alternative to proof-of-work (PoW) networks. Scalability, interoperability, and sustainability on PoW networks like Ethereum are limited by the infrastructure burden of growing costs, energy use, and slow transaction times¹⁸⁴.

Care co-ordinator is an individual who is responsible for coordinating the care and support of a Care Recipient. It could be a role undertaken by a health care professional or the care recipient or family carer¹⁸⁵.

Care recipient is an individual who receives or seeks any care services or support considered to be integrated care, from another person or organisation. In certain circumstances, a care recipient may be the term used for a person receiving a new project-based service¹⁸⁶.

Case in survey research, an individual respondent¹⁸⁷.

Cashless Economy is a system where any type of money transactions is done through digital means like debit cards, electronic fund transfer, mobile payments, internet banking, mobile wallets¹⁸⁸.

Cashless society is one in which cash, in the form of physical banknotes and coins, is not accepted in any financial transaction. Instead, people and businesses transfer money to one another digitally – via credit or debit cards, electronic money transfers, cryptocurrency, or online and mobile payment services, such as PayPal and Apple Pay. Although no existing society is cashless, many economists believe that consumer preferences, competitive pressures on businesses, profit seeking by banks, and government policies designed to facilitate cashless transactions will soon lead to at least a few cashless societies¹⁸⁹.

Center for Technological Competence is an organization that owns the results, tools for conducting fundamental research and platform solutions available to market participants to create applied solutions (products) on their basis. The Technology Competence Center can be a separate organization or be part of an application technology holding company.

Centers for disease control and prevention (CDC) – promoting a healthy general public and sharing data about chronic diseases are main goals of the centers for disease control and prevention (CDC)¹⁹⁰.

Centers for medicare & medicaid services (CMS) is the wing of the U.S. department of health and human services that runs healthcare reimbursement and health it programs¹⁹¹.

Central processing unit (CPU) also called a central processor, main processor or just processor, is the electronic circuitry that executes instructions comprising a computer program. The CPU performs basic arithmetic, logic, controlling, and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions in the program. This contrasts with external components such as main memory and I/O circuitry, and specialized processors such as graphics processing units (GPUs). Also, Central Processing Unit (CPU) is a von Neumann cyclic processor designed to execute complex computer programs¹⁹².

Centralized control is a process in which control signals are generated in a single control center and transmitted from it to numerous control objects.

Cerner corp. is a public company in North Kansas City, mo., that provides various health information technologies, ranging from medical devices to electronic health records (EHR) to hardware¹⁹³.

Change Control is a formal process used to ensure that a process, product, service, or technology component is modified only in accordance with agreed-upon rules. Many organizations have formal Change Control Boards that review and approve proposed modifications to technology infrastructures, systems, and applications. Data Governance programs often strive to extend the scope of change control to include additions, modifications, or deletions to data models and values for reference/master data¹⁹⁴.

Change healthcare is a healthcare technology provider of revenue cycle management, payment management and health information exchange (HIE) solutions¹⁹⁵.

Channel is a means of entry into the My Health Record system to enable reading and updating My Health Records. For example, individuals can use the National Consumer Portal or providers may use the system via B2B¹⁹⁶.

Character format is any file format in which information is encoded as characters using only a standard character-encoding scheme. A file written in «character format» contains only those bytes that are prescribed in the encoding scheme as corresponding to the characters in the scheme (e.g., alphabetic and numeric characters, punctuation marks, and spaces)¹⁹⁷.

Character-encoding scheme is a method of encoding characters including alphabetic characters (A-Z, uppercase and lowercase), numbers 0—9, punctuation and other marks (e.g., comma, period, space, &, *), and various «control characters» (e.g., tab, carriage return, linefeed) using binary numbers. For a computer to print a capital «A» or a number «7» on the computer screen, for instance, we must have a way of telling the computer that a particular group of bits represents an «A» or a «7». There are standards, commonly called «character sets,» that establish that a particular byte stands for an «A» and a different byte stands for a «7». The two most common standards for representing characters in bytes are ASCII and EBCDIC¹⁹⁸.

Chatbot is a software application designed to simulate human conversation with users via text or speech. Also referred to as virtual agents, interactive agents, digital assistants, or conversational AI, chatbots are often integrated into applications, websites, or messaging platforms to provide support to users without the use of live human agents. Chatbots originally started out by offering users simple menus of choices, and then evolved to react to particular keywords. «But humans are very inventive in their use of language,» says Forrester’s McKeon-White. Someone looking for a password reset might say they’ve forgotten their access code, or are having problems getting into their account. «There are a lot of different ways to say the same thing,» he says. This is where AI comes in. Natural language processing is a subset of machine learning that enables a system to understand the meaning of written or even spoken language, even where there is a lot of variation in the phrasing. To succeed, a chatbot that relies on AI or machine learning needs first to be trained using a data set. In general, the bigger the training data set, and the narrower the domain, the more accurate and helpful a chatbot will be¹⁹⁹.

Chief digital officer (CDO) is a leader who combines business acumen with digital expertise to help organizations drive digital transformation via an enterprise-wise digital vision and strategy²⁰⁰.

Child development – the section of the My Health Record that contains information about childhood growth and development²⁰¹.

Chip is an electronic microcircuit of arbitrary complexity, made on a semiconductor substrate and placed in a non-separable case or without it, if included in the micro assembly.

CHRODIS Joint Action Recommendations and Criteria it constitutes a practical analytical framework that can be used by decision-makers, healthcare personnel, and patients to support the implementation of good practices, and to improve, monitor, and evaluate the quality of chronic disease prevention, health promotion and care²⁰².

Circular economy – an alternative to a traditional linear economy (make, use, dispose) in which we keep resources in use for as long as possible, extract the maximum value from them whilst in use, then recover and regenerate products and materials at the end of each service life²⁰³.

Citizen agency is used meaning to inform, involve and enable citizens and communities to interact and influence authorities²⁰⁴.

Civic and Community Engagement is an activity that includes activities such as volunteering, voting, and participating in activities that strengthen the community (City Library Council, 2017)²⁰⁵.

Classification are algorithms that allow machines to assign a category to a data point based on training data.

Cleaning is process to check data for adherence to standards, internal consistency, referential integrity, valid domain, and to replace/repair incorrect data with correct data. To «clean» a data file is to check for wild codes and inconsistent responses to verify that the file has the correct and expected number of records, cases, and cards or records per case; and to correct errors found²⁰⁶.

Clinical decision support system (CDSS) is an application that analyzes data to help healthcare providers make decisions and improve patient care²⁰⁷.

Clinical Document Architecture (CDA) is an HL7 standard intended to specify the encoding, structure and semantics of clinical documents for exchange²⁰⁸.

Clinical documentation (healthcare) is the creation of a digital or analog record detailing a medical treatment, medical trial or clinical test²⁰⁹.

Clinical informatics also known as health informatics, is the study of how technology and data analytics can be used to improve patient care plans²¹⁰.

Clinical information system (CIS) is a system that is used by a healthcare provider to manage patient and practice records. It may include a software component connected to the My Health Record system²¹¹.

Clinical Patient Management System aims at supporting European Reference Networks in improving the diagnosis and treatment of rare or low prevalence complex diseases across national borders of Member States in Europe. The system enables healthcare professionals to upload patient cases and collaborate with other healthcare professionals to provide diagnosis, care and treatment²¹².

Clinical synopsis is a short summary of a healthcare event (e.g. Reason for visit, diagnosis etc.) included in an event summary²¹³.

Clinical terminology guidelines – a set of terminological resources that can be implemented in software applications. They represent clinically relevant information in a semantically structured form of code that can be used by automated applications. These codes represent explicit formal definitions of meaning and are based on a consensus of actual use by clinicians²¹⁴.

Clinical Trial – any investigation in human subjects intended to discover or verify the effect of one or more investigational health interventions (e.g., drugs, diagnostics, devices, therapy protocols) that generate safety and efficacy data before making the health intervention available in health care²¹⁵.

Cloud Adoption refers to an organization’s move from its own servers and data centers to cloud-based solutions hosted by third parties. Cloud adoption is a strategic initiative for organizations, typically aimed at reducing costs, reducing risk and ensuring scalability. An organisation can move to the cloud, either in whole or in part, depending on its needs and its digital strategy²¹⁶.

Cloud Computing is a general term for anything that involves delivering hosted services over the internet. These services are divided into three main categories or types of cloud computing: infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a service (PaaS) and software as a service (SaaS). Cloud Computing a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources-for example networks, servers, storage, applications and services-that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. Also, Cloud Computing is a term used to describe the delivery of computing services over the Internet²¹⁷,²¹⁸,²¹⁹.

Cloud deployment mode is the deployment of software on a cloud server outside an organization²²⁰.

Cloud Infrastructure consists of hardware and software that enables cloud computing²²¹.

Cloud is software, services, or systems that are stored, managed, and accessed on demand via the Internet²²².

Cloud Service is a general term for a software service which is available over the Internet. Cloud service is a metaphor as it’s often depicted as a cloud in presentations. Previously, pieces of software were sold primarily as local software licenses, but it’s now common business practice to offer cloud services through software renting²²³.

Cloud storage is computer data storage in which digital data is stored in servers generally located in multiple locations and owned and managed by a hosting company. These cloud storage providers are responsible for keeping the data available and accessible and the physical environment protected and running. People and organizations buy or lease storage capacity from the providers to store their data²²⁴.

Cloud TPU is a specialized hardware accelerator designed to speed up machine learning workloads on Google Cloud Platform²²⁵.

Cluster analysis is a type of unsupervised learning used for exploratory data analysis to find hidden patterns or groupings in the data; clusters are modeled with a similarity measure defined by metrics such as Euclidean or probability distance.

Cluster is a number of computers networked together in order to function as a single computing system²²⁶.

Clustering is a task to organize data into groups based on certain properties. Clustering analysis is widely used in data mining for pattern recognition, image analysis, and computer graphics, among others²²⁷.

CMIO (chief medical information officer) essentially serves as the bridge between medical and IT departments at a health care organization. This person may also be referred to as the director of medical informatics or health informatics²²⁸.

Code in most numeric data files, answers to questions are recorded with numbers rather than text, and often even numeric answers are recorded with numbers other than the actual response. The numbers used in the data file are called «codes.» Thus, for instance, when a respondent identifies herself as a member of a particular religion, a code of «1» might be used for Catholic, a «2» for Jewish, etc. Likewise, a person’s age of 18 might be coded as a 2 indicating «18 or over.» The codes that are used and their correspondence to the actual responses are listed in a codebook. Code is a one-to-one mapping of a finite ordered set of symbols belonging to some finite alphabet²²⁹.

Code of the digital transformation program event (carried out by a state body) – a unique character digital identifier of the program event, assigned in accordance with these Regulations to the program event and containing codified information about the main manager of the federal budget or the budgets of state non-budgetary funds – the state body implementing the program event, type of the program activity, its serial number, its version, as well as other characteristics necessary for the unambiguous identification of the program activity at all stages of its planning and implementation, including during the monitoring of the program implementation, carried out in accordance with the Regulation approved by Resolution No. 1646 «On measures to ensure the effectiveness of measures for the use of information and communication technologies in the activities of federal executive authorities and government agencies of state extrabudgetary jet funds.

Codebook generically, is any information on the structure, contents, and layout of a data file. Typically, a codebook includes: column locations and widths for each variable; definitions of different record types; response codes for each variable; codes used to indicate nonresponse and missing data; exact questions and skip patterns used in a survey; and other indications of the content of each variable. Many codebooks also include frequencies of response. Codebooks vary widely in quality and amount of information included²³⁰.

Codec is the means by which sound and video files are compressed for storage and transmission purposes. There are various forms of compression: ’lossy’ and ’lossless’, but most codecs perform lossless compression because of the much larger data reduction ratios that occur [with lossy compression]. Most codecs are software, although in some areas codecs are hardware components of image and sound systems. Codecs are necessary for playback, since they uncompress [or decompress] the moving image and sound files and allow them to be rendered»²³¹.

Cognitive architecture the Institute of Creative Technologies defines cognitive architecture as: «hypothesis about the fixed structures that provide a mind, whether in natural or artificial systems, and how they work together – in conjunction with knowledge and skills embodied within the architecture – to yield intelligent behavior in a diversity of complex environments».

Cognitive computing is used to refer to the systems that simulate the human brain to help with the decision- making. It uses self-learning algorithms that perform tasks such as natural language processing, image analysis, reasoning, and human—computer interaction. Examples of cognitive systems are IBM’s Watson and Google DeepMind²³².

Cognitive Maps are structured representations of decision depicted in graphical format (variations of cognitive maps are cause maps, influence diagrams, or belief nets). Basic cognitive maps include nodes connected by arcs, where the nodes represent constructs (or states) and the arcs represent relationships. Cognitive maps have been used to understand decision situations, to analyze complex cause-effect representations and to support communication²³³.

Cognitive science are the interdisciplinary scientific study of the mind and its processes²³⁴.

Collaboration platform – the concept behind the collaboration platforms is adopted from the 3C collaboration model developed by Borghoff and Schlichter that describes «Cooperation, Communication and Coordination as the main challenges for the members in a collaborative group» (Borghoff & Schlichter, 2000). Cooperation is the joint work production and completion of tasks, supported by tools such as joint document storage and repositories, wikis and notes keeping systems. Communication includes efficient exchange of information and negotiation of commitments via emails, instant messaging, discussion lists, and video- or phone conferences. Coordination enables people, activities and resources to be managed, leading to better communication and cooperation (e.g. staff and project management tools, scheduling tools, and the like). These tools will be adopted to ensure functional collaboration. The objectives of each collaboration platform are to identify relevant stakeholders and initiatives, engage with them to analyze key challenges and solutions related to each DTHC priority, elaborate common strategic agendas and commitments for action²³⁵.

Collaborative robots are a type of machine that, unlike traditional ones, can work alongside humans without any safety risk. They perform numerous functions and are very adaptable, changing activity or working capacity according to the demand of the moment²³⁶.

Column in a data file, a single vertical column, each being one byte in length. Fixed format data files are traditionally described as being arranged in lines and columns. In a fixed format file, column locations describe the locations of variables²³⁷.

Column location – the precise location in a data file of a variable expressed in column numbers, beginning with the first column in a physical record as column number 1²³⁸.

Commoditization is the process of transforming a product from an elite to a generally available (comparatively cheap commodity of mass consumption)²³⁹.

Common Services – the supporting services such as inter-process communication, name services, temporary storage allocation, exception handling, security, and directory services necessary to support²⁴⁰.

Communication – enabling the digital transformation of health and care in the Digital Single Market; empowering citizens and building a healthier society²⁴¹.

Communication Platforms is digital media that are used as means of communication. In marketing, they provide information and awareness about a specific product or brand²⁴².

Competence an approach that for achievement of high results an employee must demonstrate labor behavior, which is possible if certain individually-psychological qualities or their complementary sets, which in this case is not crucial, because the assignment of an employee to the success or lack of success made only on demonstrated behavior. It is related to employment concept that says the professionalism on the sphere, in which the worker is competent. It is relative to the individual concept, which says about aspects of the behavior necessary for competent performance²⁴³.

Competence is an approach that for achievement of high results an employee must demonstrate labor behavior, which is possible if certain individually-psychological qualities or their complementary sets, which in this case is not crucial, because the assignment of an employee to the success or lack of success made only on demonstrated behavior. It is related to employment concept that says the professionalism on the sphere, in which the worker is competent. It is relative to the individual concept, which says about aspects of the behavior necessary for competent performance²⁴⁴.

Competitiveness of the state – the formation of obvious advantages in relation to other states in the scientific and technological field and, as a result, in the social, cultural, educational and economic fields.

Compiler is a program that translates text written in a programming language into a set of machine codes. AI framework compilers collect the computational data of the frameworks and try to optimize the code of each of them, regardless of the hardware of the accelerator. The compiler contains programs and blocks with which the framework performs several tasks. The computer memory resource allocator, for example, allocates power individually for each accelerator.

Compliance is a discipline, set of practices, and/or organizational group that deals with adhering to laws, regulations, standards, and contractual arrangements. Also, the adherence to requirements. Data Governance programs often support many types of compliance requirements: Regulatory compliance, contractual compliance, adherence to internal standards, policies, and architectures, and conformance to rules for data management, project management, and other disciplines²⁴⁵.

Components of the information and telecommunications infrastructure – software and hardware complexes and tools shared by information systems that perform common technological functions and provide the basis for the operation of these information systems, including those that ensure their information and technological interaction.

Composable Business refers to the design, implementation and development of an enterprise’s digital infrastructure using business-level components (PCBs) that can be replaced according to market needs in a more flexible way than those based on a traditional monolithic architecture. The adoption of a composable business approach is usually aimed at gaining competitive advantage, resilience and adaptability²⁴⁶.

Composable Commerce is an approach that selects the best software components and combines them into a customized application, offering functionality familiar from e-commerce. Composable commerce is therefore a set of e-commerce services built according to the principles of composable commerce²⁴⁷.

Composite AI is the combined application of various AI techniques to improve learning efficiency, expand the level of knowledge representation and, ultimately, to more effectively solve a wider range of business problems.

Compression is a method of reducing the size of computer files. There are several compression programs available, such as gzip and WinZip²⁴⁸.

Compression ratio or reduction ratio – the ratio that is used to discuss the quantity of original data versus the quantity of data after compression²⁴⁹.

Computation is any type of arithmetic or non-arithmetic calculation that follows a well-defined model (e.g., an algorithm)²⁵⁰.

Computational creativity (Also artificial creativity, mechanical creativity, creative computing) is a multidisciplinary endeavor that includes the fields of artificial intelligence, cognitive psychology, philosophy, and the arts²⁵¹.

Computational cybernetics is the integration of cybernetics and computational intelligence techniques.

Computational efficiency of an agent or a trained model is the amount of computational resources required by an agent to solve a problem at the inference stage (data output from the model).

Computational efficiency of an intelligent system is the amount of computing resources required to train an intelligent system with a certain level of performance on a given volume of tasks.

Computational humor — a branch of computational linguistics and artificial intelligence which uses computers in humor research.

Computational intelligence (CI) — usually refers to the ability of a computer to learn a specific task from data or experimental observation.

Computational mathematics is the mathematical research in areas of science where computing plays an essential role.

Computational neuroscience (Also theoretical neuroscience or mathematical neuroscience) – a branch of neuroscience which employs mathematical models, theoretical analysis and abstractions of the brain to understand the principles that govern the development, structure, physiology, and cognitive abilities of the nervous system.

Compute modules – plug-in specialized computers designed to solve narrowly focused tasks, such as accelerating the work of artificial neural networks algorithms, computer vision, voice recognition, machine learning and other artificial intelligence methods, built on the basis of a neural processor – a specialized class of microprocessors and coprocessors (CPU, memory, data transfer).

Compute Units are blocks that act as a filter that transforms packets according to certain rules. The instruction set of the calculator can be limited, which guarantees a simple internal structure and a sufficiently high speed of operation.

Computer assisted coding system (CACS) is medical software that reviews healthcare forms, including electronic health records, and assigns appropriate medical codes to its findings²⁵².

Computer attack – a targeted impact of software and (or) software and hardware on critical information infrastructure objects, telecommunication networks used to organize the interaction of such objects, in order to disrupt and (or) stop their functioning and (or) create a threat to the security processed by such object’s information.