Loe raamatut: «Collins Gem»
Copyright
HarperCollins Publishers
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Third Edition 2017
© HarperCollins Publishers 2007, 2010, 2017
Source ISBN: 9780008135928
Ebook Edition © March 2017 ISBN: 9780008230098
Version: 2017-02-01
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank those authors and publishers who kindly gave permission for copyright material to be used in the Collins Corpus. We would also like to thank Times Newspapers Ltd for providing valuable data.
If you would like to comment on any aspect of this book, please contact us at the given address or online.
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Editor
Holly Tarbet
Contributors
Tessa Carroll
Harumi Currie
Miyoko Yamashita
For the Publisher
Gerry Breslin
Janice McNeillie
Using your phrasebook
Whether you’re on holiday or on business, your Collins Gem Phrasebook and Dictionary is designed to help you locate the exact phrase you need, when you need it. You’ll also gain the confidence to go beyond what is in the book, as you can adapt the phrases by using the dictionary section to substitute your own words.
The Gem Phrasebook and Dictionary includes:
• Over 60 topics arranged thematically, so that you can easily find an expression to suit the situation
• Simple pronunciation which accompanies each word and phrase, to make sure you are understood when speaking aloud
• Tips to safeguard against any cultural faux pas, providing the essential dos and don’ts of local customs or etiquette
• A basic grammar section which will help you to build on your phrases
• FACE TO FACE dialogue sections to give you a flavour of what to expect from a real conversation
• YOU MAY HEAR sections for common announcements and messages, so that you don’t miss important information when out and about
• A dictionary with over 1,000 words and their translations, to ensure you’ll never be stuck for something to say
• A short chapter of LIFELINE phrases for quick reference. These basic words and phrases will be essential to your time abroad
Before you jet off, it’s worth spending time looking through the topics to see what is covered and becoming familiar with pronunciation.
Contents
Copyright
Acknowledgements
Using your phrasebook
Pronouncing Japanese
Top ten tips
Talking to people
Hello/goodbye, yes/no
Key phrases
Work
Weather
Getting around
Asking the way
Bus and coach
Metro
Train
Taxi
Boat and ferry
Air travel
Customs control
Car hire
Driving
Petrol
Breakdown
Car parts
Road signs
Staying somewhere
Hotel (booking)
Hotel desk
Camping
Self-catering
Shopping
Shopping phrases
Shops
Food (general)
Food (fruit and veg)
Clothes
Clothes (articles)
Maps and guides
Post office
Technology
Leisure
Sightseeing and tourist office
Entertainment
Nightlife
Leisure/interests
Hot springs/public baths
Music
Theatre/opera
Sport
Walking
Communications
Telephone and mobile
Messaging
Internet
Practicalities
Money
Paying
Luggage
Repairs
Laundry
Complaints
Problems
Emergencies
Health
Pharmacy
Body
Doctor
Dentist
Eating out
Food in Japan
In a bar/café
Menu reader
Reading the menu
In a restaurant
Dietary requirements
Wines
Reference
Measurements and quantities
Numbers
Days and months
Time
Time phrases
Public holidays
Signs and notices
Pronouncing place names
Grammar
Dictionary
English – Japanese
A – C
D – F
G – I
J – L
M – O
P – R
S – U
V – Z
LIFELINE words and phrases
About the Publisher
Pronouncing Japanese
Although the Japanese writing system is rather complicated, pronouncing Japanese is easy once you know the few basic rules. This book has been designed so that as you read the pronunciation of the phrases, you can follow the Japanese. This will help you to recognize the different sounds and give you a feeling for the rhythm of the language. Below are a few rules for you to note.
In Japanese the basic unit of speech is the syllable. Each syllable is pronounced approximately the same length and rather flatly. Japanese has a pitched accent (high and low) but syllables do not have tones as they do in Chinese. It is more important not to stress any one part of a word. For example, in English the word Paris is pronounced paris and in French paree. Japanese gives equal strength to both syllables: pari.
Japanese has relatively few sounds. Each vowel has only one sound.
Japanese vowels
| Japanese | sounds like | example |
| a | a | bath |
| i | i | police |
| u | u | put |
| e | e | let |
| o | o | got |
Long vowel sounds
| aa, ii, uu, ee, oo | approximately double the length of other syllables |
15 basic consonants
k, s, sh, t, ts, ch, n, h, m, y, r, w, g, z, d, b, p, n/m Each consonant is followed by one vowel to create a syllable as in
| ki-mo-no | traditional Japanese costume |
| Ta-na-ka | Japanese surname |
These consonants are close to their English equivalents but note the following:
g is pronounced as in golf, not as in Germany y is pronounced as in young, not as in cry.
The consonant n/m, which appears at the end of the list above, counts as a syllable in its own right. It is pronounced like the nasal n in sing when it appears at the end of words, e.g. en ‘yen’, and before most other sounds, e.g. onsen ‘hot spring’. Before p, b and m, it sounds more like m and is therefore written here as m, e.g. shimbun ‘newspaper’. When n appears before a vowel or y, it is written as n’ to distinguish it from the syllables beginning with n, e.g. kin’en ‘non-smoking’ compared with kinen ‘commemoration’.
Since Japanese lacks the consonants l and v, foreign loanwords with these letters are pronounced with r and b, respectively. Thus, English words ‘love’ and ‘rub’ both become indistinguishable as ra-bu in Japanese.
Japanese also lacks the si sound (as in ‘to sit’): shi is used instead, sometimes with embarrassing results! Other English sounds that do not exist in Japanese are hu (as in ‘hook’: fu is used instead); th (as in ‘thin’: shi is used instead); and ti (as in ‘tin’: chi is used instead).
Double consonants kk, pp, ss and tt are written before a vowel, which indicates a pause equivalent to one syllable in length before that consonant. The sound before the pause tends to become sharper than at other times.
| Japanese | Pronunciation | Meaning |
| kitte | ki (pause) te | stamp |
| kippu | ki (pause) pu | ticket |
ki, shi, chi, ni, hi, mi, ri, gi, ji, bi and pi sounds can be combined with ya, yu or yo to create combined syllables. For example, ki + ya become kya, ki + yu become kyu and ki + yo become kyo. Examples of this can be found in the words Tookyoo and Kyooto, where the combined syllable is pronounced as two sounds, but said very quickly with the same length as one syllable.
| Japanese | Pronunciation | Meaning |
| matchi | ma (pause) chi | match |
In the case of the chi syllable, a double consonant sound is written as tchi as in the example above.
You should also remember that Japanese does not have a silent e at the end of a word such as in the English ‘to take’. If ‘take’ is read as the Japanese word take (bamboo), it should be pronounced tah-keh. Similarly sake (rice wine), is pronounced sah-keh, etc.
However, the vowel u at the end of a word such as desu will sound very weak.
Top ten tips
1 Always remember to remove your shoes before entering someone’s home. Before stepping on tatami matting, slippers must also be removed. Slippers must be changed when going to the toilet. Remember not to leave the toilet still wearing the toilet slippers, as it would be very embarrassing!
2 Always make sure that you do not have any holes in your socks or tights, as you may have to take your shoes off unexpectedly.
3 Shaking hands is uncommon in Japan; Japanese people greet each other by bowing. However, foreigners are sometimes greeted with a handshake.
4 Sumimasen is a word with many purposes: it can be used to attract someone’s attention before making a request, or to get past people on a crowded train. It can also be used to say ‘sorry’.
5 Credit cards are only accepted in the more expensive hotels, shops and restaurants.
6 If you receive a gift from a Japanese visitor, ask if you can open it before doing so. If you are invited to a Japanese person’s house, make sure you take a gift-wrapped present with you.
7 You can only buy cigarettes and alcohol if you are over 20 years of age. You will be asked to produce ID to prove your age.
8 Japanese people tend not to use assertive words such as ‘yes’ and ‘no’. Good alternatives are ii desu ne, which literally means ‘that sounds good’, for ‘yes’ and chotto for ‘no’.
9 Cleanliness is important to Japanese people. Never drop or leave rubbish.
10 It’s advisable that you carry proof of identity at all times, so make sure that you always have your passport with you.
Talking to people
Hello/goodbye, yes/no
In Japanese there is no exact equivalent for the word ‘hello’ – different greeting words are used based on the time of the day. Similarly, the word chotto (whose literal meaning is ‘a bit’) is influenced by body language: if said with one’s head slightly tilted, it means ‘no’.
| Hello | こんにちはkonnichiwa |
| Good morning | おはようございますohayoo gozaimasu |
| Good evening | こんばんはkombanwa |
| Good night | おやすみなさいoyasuminasai |
| Goodbye | さようならsayoonara |
| See you later | じゃまたja mata |
| See you tomorrow | また明日mata ashita |
| How are you? | お元気ですかogenki desu ka? |
| Fine, thanks | はい､元気ですhai, genki desu |
| And you, Mr/Ms...? | ...さんは...san wa? |
| Please | お願いしますonegai shimasu |
| Thank you | ありがとう (ございます)arigatoo (gozaimasu) |
| You’re welcome | どういたしましてdoo itashimashite |
| Excuse me! | ごめんなさいgomennasai! |
| Sorry! | すみませんsumimasen! |
| Yes | はいhai |
| No | いいえiie |
| Um... | ちょっと…chotto... |
| Yes, please | はい、お願いしますhai, onegai shimasu |
| No, thanks | いいえ、結構ですiie, kekkoo desu |
| Sir… | …氏…shi |
| Mr…/Madam…/Mrs…/Ms…/Miss… | …さん…san |
| I don’t understand | わかりませんwakarimasen |
| I don’t speak Japanese | 私は日本語を話せませんwatashi wa nihongo o hanasemasen |
| England/English | イングランド／イングランド人ingurando/ingurando-jin |
| Scotland/Scottish | スコットランド／スコットランド人sukottorando/sukottorando-jin |
| Wales/Welsh | ウェールズ／ウェールズ人weeruzu/weeruzu-jin |
| Ireland/Irish | アイルランド／アイルランド人airurando/airurando-jin |
| USA/American | アメリカ／アメリカ人amerika/amerika-jin |
| Australia/Australian | オーストラリア／オーストラリア人oosutoraria/oosutoraria-jin |
Bowing おじぎ ojigi
Japanese people bow to express their respect and appreciation. People bow along with greetings, words of appreciation or apologies. The strength of the respect, gratitude or apology, dictates how low your bow should be.
Key phrases
There are no genders, articles or singular/plural forms in Japanese. Different counters are used together with numbers.
| museum | 美術館bijutsukan |
| the station | 駅eki |
| the shops | 店mise |
| the houses | 家ie/uchi |
| a/one | 一つhitotsu |
| a ticket | チケット一枚chiketto ichimai |
| one stamp | 切手一枚kitte ichimai |
| a room | 一部屋hito heya |
| one bottle | 一本ippon |
| some (countable) | いくつかikutsuka |
| some (uncountable) | いくらかikuraka |
| some wine | ワインいくらかwain ikuraka |
| some fruit | フルーツいくつかfuruutsu ikutsuka |
| some biscuits | ビスケットいくつかbisuketto ikutsuka |
| Do you have…? | …はありますか…wa arimasu ka? |
| Do you have a timetable? | 時刻表はありますかjikokuhyoo wa arimasu ka? |
| Do you have a room? | 部屋はありますかheya wa arimasu ka? |
| Do you have milk? | 牛乳はありますかgyuunyuu wa arimasu ka? |
| I/We’d like to… | …(動詞) たいです…(verb) tai desu |
| I/We’d like… | …(名詞) をお願いします…(noun) o onegai shimasu |
| I’d like an ice cream | アイスクリームをお願いしますaisukuriimu o onegai shimasu |
| We’d like to go home | 家に帰りたいですie ni kaeritai desu |
| Another… | …おかわり…okawari |
| Some more… | …もう少し…moo sukoshi |
| Some more bread | パン、もう少しpan moo sukoshi |
| Another Japanese tea | お茶、おかわりocha okawari |
| Another beer | ビール、おかわりbiiru okawari |
| Some more water | お水、もう少しomizu moo sukoshi |
| How much is it? | これはいくらですかkore wa ikura desu ka? |
| large | 大きいookii |
| small | 小さいchiisai |
| with | とto |
| without | 抜きでnukide |
| Where is/are…? | …はどこですか… wa doko desu ka? |
| Where is/are the nearest…? | 一番近い … はどこですかichiban chikai … wa doko desu ka? |
| How do I get to…? | …へはどうやって行きますか…ewa dooyatte ikimasu ka? |
| to the museum | 美術館へはbijutsukan ewa |
| to the station | 駅へはeki ewa |
| to Kyoto | 京都へはKyooto ewa |
| There is/are… | …があります…ga arimasu |
| There isn’t/aren’t any… | …がありません…ga arimasen |
| When? | いつitsu? |
| At what time…? | 何時に…nan-ji ni…? |
| today | 今日kyoo |
| tomorrow | 明日ashita |
| May I…? | …もいいですか…mo ii desu ka? |
| May I smoke? | タバコを吸ってもいいですかtabako o sutte mo ii desu ka? |
| How does this work? | これはどうやって使いますかkore wa dooyatte tsukaimasu ka? |
| What does this mean? | これはどういう意味ですかkore wa doo iu imi desu ka? |
Work
Japanese people tend to tell you where they work rather than what they do.
| Where do you work? | お勤めはどちらですかotsutome wa dochira desu ka? |
| How’s your work? | 仕事はどうですかshigoto wa doo desu ka? |
| I’m… | 私は…watashi wa… |
| a doctor | 医者ですisha desu |
| a manager | マネージャーですmaneejaa desu |
| a housewife | 主婦ですshufu desu |
| I work from home | 私は在宅勤務ですwatashi wa zaitaku-kimmu desu |
| I’m self-employed | 私は自営業ですwatashi wa jieigyoo desu |
Weather
| 天気予報 tenki-yohoo | weather forecast |
| 晴れ hare | fine |
| 悪い warui | bad |
| 曇り kumori | cloudy |
| 変わりやすい天気 kawariyasui tenki | changeable weather |
| sunny | 天気がいいですtenki ga ii desu |
| It’s muggy | 蒸し暑いですmushiatsui desu |
| It’s raining | 雨が降っていますame ga futte imasu |
| It’s snowing | 雪が降っていますyuki ga futte imasu |
| It’s windy | 風が強いですkaze ga tsuyoi desu |
| What a lovely day! | なんていい日nante ii hi! |
| What awful weather! | なんてひどい天気nante hidoi tenki! |
| What will the weather be like tomorrow? | 明日の天気はどうですかashita no tenki wa doo desu ka? |
| Do you think it’s going to rain? | 雨が降りそうですかame ga furisoo desu ka? |
| It’s very hot today | 今日はとても暑いですkyoo wa totemo atsui desu |
| It’s very cold today | 今日はとても寒いですkyoo wa totemo samui desu |
| Do you think there will be a storm? | 嵐になると思いますかarashi ni naru to omoimasu ka? |
| Do you think it will snow? | 雪になると思いますかyuki ni naru to omoimasu ka? |
| Will it be foggy? | 霧になると思いますかkiri ni naru to omoimasu ka? |
| What is the temperature? | 気温は何度ですかkion wa nando desu ka? |
Getting around
Asking the way
| 反対 hantai | opposite |
| …の隣 …no tonari | next to… |
| …の近く …no chikaku | near to… |
| 信号 shingoo | traffic lights |
| 横断歩道 oodan-hodoo | pedestrian crossing |
| (道路の) 角 (dooro no) kado | corner (of road) |
| FACE TO FACE |
| すみません、駅までどうやって行きますか sumimasen, eki made dooyatte ikimasu ka? Excuse me, how do I get to the station? |
| まっすぐ行って、一つ目の角を右/左に曲がってください massugu itte, hitotsu-me no kado o migi/hidari ni magatte kudasai Keep straight on, turn right/left at the first corner |
| 遠いですか tooi desu ka? Is it far? |
| いいえ､200メートル/5分くらいです iie, nihyaku-meetoru/go-fun kurai desu No, about 200 metres/five minutes |
| ありがとう arigatoo! Thank you! |
| どういたしまして doo itashimashite You’re welcome |
| We’re lost | 道に迷ってしまいましたmichi ni mayotte shimaimashita |
| We’re looking for… | …を探しています…o sagashite imasu |
| Is this the right way to…? | …に行くのはこれでいいですか…ni iku no wa kore de ii desu ka? |
| Can I/we walk there? | そこまで歩けますかsoko made arukemasu ka? |
| How do I/we get…? | どうすれば … に行けますかdoo sureba … ni ikemasu ka? |
| to the station | 駅にeki ni |
| to the museum | 美術館にbijutsukan ni |
| to the shops | お店にomise ni |
| Can you show me on the map? | 地図で示してもらえますかchizu de shimeshite moraemasu ka? |
| YOU MAY HEAR… | |
| 下った所 kudatta tokoro | down there |
| 後ろ ushiro | behind |
| もう一度聞いてください moo ichido kiite kudasai | then ask again |
Bus and coach
Places such as Kyoto have tourist day passes and bus route maps in English, which you can obtain at a bus station. Local buses usually board from the rear door, but if your journey is not covered by a flat fee you may need to pick up a numbered ticket. A board at the front of the bus displays the fares, based on the numbers. You will need to know your destination in Japanese characters. Some buses board from the front door and require you to pay as you enter. Tickets for long/middle distance coach trips, as well as express buses, are usually sold at the coach counter or ticketing machine.
| FACE TO FACE |
| すみません、どのバスが中心部に行きますかsumimasen, dono basu ga chuushimbu ni ikimasu ka?Excuse me, which bus goes to the centre? |
| 15番ですjuugo-ban desuNumber 15 |
| バス停はどこですかbasutei wa doko desu ka?Where is the bus stop? |
| すぐそこ、右にありますsugu soko, migi ni arimasuThere, on the right |
| どこで乗車券を買えますかdoko de jooshaken o kaemasu ka?Where can I buy the tickets? |
| 売店で買えますbaiten de kaemasuAt the news-stand |
| Is there a bus/tram to…? | …に行くバス/路面電車はありますか…ni iku basu/romen-densha wa arimasu ka? |
| Where do I/we catch the bus to…? | どこで …行きのバスに乗れますかdoko de … iki no basu ni noremasu ka? |
| Where do I/we catch the tram to…? | どこで … 行きの路面電車に乗れますかdoko de … iki no romen-densha ni noremasu ka? |
| I/we would like to go to… | …に行きたいんですが…ni ikitain desu ga |
| How much is it to go to…? | …までいくらですか…made ikura desu ka? |
| the centre | 中心部chuushimbu |
| the beach | 浜辺hamabe |
| How often are the buses to…? | …に行くバスはどのぐらい出ていますか…ni iku basu wa donogurai dete imasu ka? |
| When is the first bus to…? | …行きの始発バスはいつですか…iki no shihatsu basu wa itsu desu ka? |
| When is the last bus to…? | …行きの最終バスはいつですか…iki no saishuu basu wa itsu desu ka? |
| Please tell me when to get off | いつ降りたらいいか教えてくださいitsu oritara ii ka oshiete kudasai |
| Please tell me when we are at... | …に着いたら教えてください...ni tsuitara oshiete kudasai |
| Please let me off | すみません、降ろしてくださいsumimasen, oroshite kudasai |
| I got on at... | …から乗りました...kara norimashita |
| Sorry, I forgot to take a ticket (on entering bus) | すみません、整理券を取りませんでしたsumimasen, seiriken o torimasen deshita |
| coach | 長距離バスchookyori-basu |
| shuttle bus | シャトルバスshatoru-basu |
| YOU MAY HEAR… | |
| ここ/このバス停ですよ koko/kono basutei desu yo | This is it/your stop |
| 地下鉄の方が、速いですよ chikatetsu no hoo ga hayai desu yo | Take the metro, it’s quicker |
Public transport is free for up to two children under 6 when travelling with a paying adult. An elementary school pupil pays half price (aged between 7 and 12). Junior high (13 to 15) and senior high (16 to 18) school students are often given discounts too.
Tasuta katkend on lõppenud.
