Joan Darc (stupefied) – "Are there, then, two Popes, sir? I did not know that."
Bishop Cauchon – "You claim to be inspired by God. He must have instructed you as to which of the two Popes you should render obedience to."
Joan Darc – "I know nothing about that. It is for the Pope to know whether he obeys God, and for me to obey him who submits to God."
Bishop Cauchon (to Canon Loyseleur with a significant accent) – "My very dear brother, we shall reserve for another session the grave question that you have broached touching the Church triumphant and the Church militant. Let us now proceed with other matters. (Turning to Joan with an inflection of his voice that announces the gravity of the question.) When you left Vaucouleurs you put on male attire. Was that done at the request of Robert of Baudricourt, or of your own free will? Answer categorically."
Joan Darc – "Of my own free will."
A Judge – "Did your voices order you to give up the garb of your sex?"
Joan Darc – "Whatever good I have done I did by the advice of my voices. Whenever I understood them well, my saints and the archangel have guided me well."
Another Judge – "So, then, you do not think you are committing a sin in wearing the man's clothes that you are covered with?"
Joan Darc (with a sigh of regret) – "Oh, for the happiness of France and the misfortune of England, why am I not free in man's clothes with my horse and my armor! I would still vanquish our enemies."
Another Judge – "Would you like to hear mass?"
Joan Darc (thrilling with hope) – "Oh, with all my heart!"
The Same Judge – "You can not hear it in those clothes that are not of your sex."
Joan Darc (reflects a moment; she recalls the obscene language of her jailers and fears to be outraged by them; in man's clothes she feels greater protection than in the habits of her sex; she answers) – "Do you promise me that if I resume my woman's clothes I shall be allowed to attend mass?"
The Same Judge – "Yes, Joan, I promise you that."
The Bishop makes a gesture of impatience and withers the judge who had last spoken with a look of condemnation.
Joan Darc – "Let me, then, be provided with a long dress; I shall put it on to go to chapel. But when I return to my prison I shall resume my man's clothes."
The judge consults the Bishop with his eye to ascertain whether the request of the accused shall be granted; the prelate answers with a negative sign of his head, and turns to Joan.
Bishop Cauchon – "So, then, you persist in keeping your masculine dress?"
Joan Darc – "I am guarded by men; such dress is safer."
The Inquisitor of the Faith – "Do you now wear and have you worn masculine garb voluntarily, absolutely of your own free will?"
Joan Darc – "Yes; and I shall continue to do so."
Again silence ensues. The ecclesiastical judges feel triumphant over the answer made so categorically by the accused, a grave answer seeing that Bishop Cauchon says to the registrars:
Bishop Cauchon – "Have you entered the words of the said Joan?"
A Registrar – "Yes, monseigneur."
Bishop Cauchon (to the accused) – "You have often spoken of St. Michael. In what did you recognize that the form that appeared before you was that of the blessed archangel? Could not Satan assume the form of a good angel to lead you to evil?"
Joan Darc – "I recognized St. Michael by the advice he gave me. It was the advice of an angel and not of Satan; it came from heaven, not from hell."
A Judge – "What advice did he give?"
Joan Darc – "His advice was that I conduct myself as a pious and honest girl; he said to me God would then inspire me, and would aid me to deliver France."
The Inquisitor of the Faith – "So that you claim not only to have seen a supernatural apparition under the form of St. Michael with your bodily eyes, but you furthermore claim that the figure was actually that of that holy personage?"
Joan Darc – "I affirm it, seeing that I heard it with my ears, seeing that I saw it with my eyes. There is no doubt in my mind concerning the archangel."
Bishop Cauchon (to the registrars) – "Enter that answer without omitting a syllable."
A Registrar – "Yes, monseigneur."
Canon Loyseleur, whose face is carefully concealed under his hood, and who for greater security holds a handkerchief to the lower part of his countenance, rises and whispers in the ear of the Bishop; the latter strikes his forehead as if reminded by his accomplice that he had overlooked a matter of grave importance; the canon returns to his seat in the rear.
Bishop Cauchon – "Joan, when, after you were captured at Compiegne, you were taken to the Castle of Beaurevoir, you threw yourself out of one of the lower towers, did you not?"
Joan Darc – "It is true."
Bishop Cauchon – "What was the reason of your action?"
Joan Darc – "I heard it said in my prison that I had been sold to the English. I preferred the risk of killing myself to falling into their hands. I endeavored to escape by jumping down from the tower."
The Inquisitor – "Did you act by the advice of your voices?"
Joan Darc – "No. They advised me to the contrary, saying: 'Take courage; God will come to your help; it is cowardly to flee danger.' But my fear of the English was stronger than the advice of my saints."
A Judge – "When you jumped out of the tower, had you the intention of killing yourself?"
Joan Darc – "I wished to escape. When I jumped I commended my soul to God, hoping with His help to escape from the English."
The Inquisitor – "After your fall, did you renounce the Lord and His saints?"
Joan Darc – "I never renounced either God or His saints."
A Judge – "Did you, at the moment of jumping down from the tower, invoke your saints?"
Joan Darc – "Yes, I invoked them. Despite their having advised me against the move, I invoked through them the protection of God for Gaul, my own deliverance, and the salvation of my soul."
The Inquisitor – "Since you have been a prisoner in Rouen, have your voices promised you your deliverance?"
Joan Darc – "Only an instant ago, they said to me: 'Accept everything meekly, bravely undergo your martyrdom. Have courage and patience. You will gain paradise!'"
The Inquisitor – "And do you expect to gain paradise?"
Joan Darc (radiantly) – "I believe it as firmly as if I were there now. God keeps my place."
Bishop Cauchon (excitedly, and looking at the judges) – "Here is an answer of much weight. Pride! Presumption!"
Joan Darc (with a celestial smile) – "Indeed, I hold my belief in paradise as a great treasure. Hence my strength."
The radiancy of Joan's face illumines her beautiful features and imparts to them a divine expression. Her black eyes, shining with the spark of inspiration, are raised heavenward. She looks through the window, contemplates the sky whose azure is for a moment visible through a rift in the clouds, and in the expansion of her celestial ravishment she seems detached from earth. But, alack! a puerile incident speedily recalls the poor prisoner to reality. A little bird flutters cheerily by the window and lightly touches the glass with its wing. At the sight of the little creature, free in space, the heroine, instantaneously yielding to the painful feeling of awakened reality, drops headlong from the height of her radiantly towering hopes. She sighs, lowers her head, and tears roll from her eyes. These rapidly succeeding emotions prevent Joan from observing the joy of the ecclesiastical judges, busily entering on their tablets the last two enormities, which, coupled with so many others, are certain to take her to the pyre. The entries were: "The said Joan voluntarily risked suicide by throwing herself down from the tower of Beaurevoir"; "The said Joan has the sacrilegious audacity of saying and believing that she is as sure of paradise as if she were there now." But the task of the criminal ecclesiastics is not yet complete. The heroine is suddenly drawn from her own painful thoughts by the voice of the Bishop.
Bishop Cauchon – "Do you believe you are in mortal sin?"
Joan Darc – "I refer all my actions to God."
The Inquisitor – "You, then, think it useless to confess, even if you are in a state of mortal sin?"
Joan Darc – "I never have committed a mortal sin, at least not that I know of."
A Judge – "What do you know about it?"
Joan Darc – "My voices would have reproached me for the sin. My saints would have abandoned me. Still, if I could, I would confess. One's conscience can not be too clear."
Bishop Cauchon – "And is it not a mortal sin to accept ransom for a man and yet have him executed?"
Joan Darc (stupefied) – "Who has done that?"
Bishop Cauchon – "You!"
Joan Darc (indignantly) – "Never!"
The Inquisitor – "What about Franquet of Arras?"
Joan Darc (consults her memory for a moment) – "Franquet of Arras was a captain of Burgundian marauders. I took him prisoner in battle. He confessed to being a traitor, a thief and a murderer. His trial consumed fifteen days before the judges of Senlis. I asked mercy for the man, hoping to exchange him for a worthy bourgeois of Paris who was a prisoner of the English. But learning that the bourgeois died in prison, I said to the bailiff of Senlis: 'The prisoner whose exchange I wished to obtain has died. You may, if you think fit, execute justice upon Franquet of Arras, traitor, thief and murderer.'"
A Judge – "Did you give money to the one who helped you capture Franquet of Arras?"
Joan Darc (shrugging her shoulders) – "I am neither minister nor treasurer of France, to order money to be paid out."
Bishop Cauchon – "You placed your arms ex voto in the basilica of St. Denis. What did you mean by that?"
Joan Darc (remains silent for an instant, absorbed in painful recollections. Seriously wounded under the walls of Paris, she had upon recovery offered her armor to the Virgin Mary as a pious homage, and did so also through an impulse of indignation, that was provoked by the cowardice of Charles VII, who, after the prodigies of the Maid's victorious campaign, had returned to Touraine to join his mistresses. Vainly had Joan said to him: "Face the English, who almost alone defend the walls of Paris; present yourself bravely at the gates of the town promising to the Parisians oblivion for the past and harmony for the future; it is almost certain that you will thus conquer your capital!" But the royal poltroon had recoiled before the danger connected with such a step. In utter despair, Joan had decided to renounce war, she gave up her armor, and offered it up ex voto. Joan can not make such an admission to the priests. Guided by the generosity of her soul and instructed by her sound judgment, she would prefer to die rather than accuse Charles VII and cover him with ignominy in the eyes of his enemies. She sees France in the royalty. The King's shame would fall indelibly upon the country itself. Her answer is accordingly so framed as to save the honor of Charles VII) – "I was wounded under the walls of Poitiers; I offered my armor at the altar of the Holy Virgin in thankfulness that my wound was not mortal."
The Inquisitor (seeming to remember something that he had forgotten) – "Did you, during the time that you were making war in battle harness and man's attire, take the Eucharist?"
The stir among the priests and the silence that falls upon the tribunal indicates the gravity of the question put to the accused.
Joan Darc – "I partook of communion as often as I could, and not as often as I would have wished."
Bishop Cauchon (excitedly) – "Registrars, did you enter that?"
A Registrar – "Yes, monseigneur."
Bishop Cauchon – "Whence did you come the last time you went to Compiegne?"
Joan Darc (shivers at the painful recollection) – "I came from Crespy, in Valois."
Bishop Cauchon – "Did your voices order the sally at which you were taken?"
Joan Darc – "During the last week of the Easter holidays my voices often warned me that I was soon to be betrayed and delivered – but that it was so decreed – not to be surprised, and to accept everything meekly, and that God would come to my aid."
A Judge – "Thus your voices, the voices of your saints, told you you would be captured?"
Joan Darc (sighing) – "Yes, they told me so a long time. I requested my saints to let me die the moment I was taken so as not to prolong my sufferings – "
The Inquisitor – "Did your voices tell you exactly the day on which you would be captured?"
Joan Darc – "No, not exactly; they only announced to me that I was soon to be betrayed and delivered. I said so to the good people of Compiegne on the day of the sally."
A Judge – "If your voices had ordered you to deliver battle before Compiegne while warning you that you would be taken prisoner on that day, would you still have obeyed them?"
Joan Darc – "I would have obeyed with regrets; but I would have obeyed, whatever was to happen."
A Judge – "Did you cross the bridge in order to make the sally from Compiegne?"
Joan Darc (more and more cruelly affected by these remembrances) – "Does that belong to the process?"
Bishop Cauchon – "Answer."
Joan Darc (rapidly in short sentences) – "I crossed the bridge. I attacked with my company the Burgundians of the Sire of Luxembourg. I threw them back twice as far as their own trenches, the third time only half way. The English then came up. They cut off my retreat. Several of my soldiers wished to force me back into Compiegne. But the bridge had been raised. We were betrayed. I was captured." (She shudders.)
Bishop Cauchon – "Joan, your interrogatory is closed for to-day. Pray to the Lord that He may enlighten your soul and guide you to the path of eternal salvation. May God help you, and come to your assistance." (He makes the sign of the cross.)
All the Other Priests (rising) – "Amen."
Bishop Cauchon – "Conduct Joan the Maid back to her prison."
The two beadles approach Joan. Each takes her by an arm; they lead her out of the chapel and deliver her to a platoon of English soldiers, who conduct her back to her dungeon.
CHAPTER IV
THE TEMPTATION
Livid, haggard, broken with exhaustion after her final interrogatory, Joan Darc reclines upon the straw of her cell; her male attire is still more dilapidated than when she first appeared before her judges. She is chained by the waist and feet as before. She has wound some rags around the heavy iron rings at her ankles. Their pressure made her flesh sore, and in spots broke it to the quick, creating painful wounds. Besides, one of the wounds received in battle opened anew and added to her physical suffering. But the look of profound distress upon the martial maid's face proceeds from other than these causes. One of the jailers, noticing that the prisoner barely touched the gross food furnished to her, had said that in order to restore her appetite Bishop Cauchon was to send her a dish prepared in his own palace. The following day she partook of a fish that the prelate sent her. Almost immediately after she was seized with convulsive retchings and had fallen into a swoon. The jailers thought she was upon the point of death and ran for a physician. The latter immediately discovered the symptoms of poison and succeeded in recalling her to life, but not to health. Since then the prisoner remained in a languishing state, downcast and weak.
Joan Darc is not alone in her cell. Canon Loyseleur is seated on a stool near the kind of coffin filled with straw on which she lies. Believing herself in danger of death, she has just confessed to Loyseleur, a solemnity at which she opened her soul to him and narrated her whole life. So far from remotely suspecting the infamous treason of the prelate, she drew vague hopes and religious consolation from the tokens of kindness which he seemed to bestow upon her. The canon had frequently visited the prisoner since their first interview. He obtained, said he, with much difficulty permission to leave his cell in order to offer her spiritual consolation. She reported to him what happened at her first and subsequent interrogatories. The canon congratulated her upon having asserted the reality of her apparitions and revelations, and warned her against another snare, a more dangerous one that he claimed to perceive. One of the judges having asked her which of the then two Popes should be obeyed, he advised her that, if further pressed for an answer thereon, and asked whether she would accept absolutely and blindly the opinion of her judges, she should refuse and appeal from them to God alone. A stranger to theological subtleties, Joan Darc placed confidence in Loyseleur's words. The snare thereby spread by the Bishop and his accomplice was extremely adroit.
On this day the canon had gone to Joan's cell under the pretext of fortifying her in her good resolutions, and after having taken Joan's general confession, and bestowed paternal and consoling words upon her, he went to the wicket to call John to let him out. The jailer quickly appeared, grumbled a few words in affected anger, opened the door, hurled the canon out with a great display of force and locked the door after him. Joan was left alone.
In making her general confession to the canon, in narrating to him her whole, life, Joan had yielded not merely to a religious habit, but also to the desire of once more evoking the memories of her whole past existence, and of scrupulously interrogating herself upon all her actions. The threatening present induced the desire. She wished to ascertain with inexorable severity towards herself whether any of her actions were blameworthy. The mere thought of the threatened punishment, to be burned alive, prostrated her mind. The reasons for her terror were various. First of all she shrank before the shame of being publicly dragged to death like a criminal; the atrocious torment of feeling the flames devouring her flesh threw her into further agonies; finally the chaste girl was distracted by the fear of being taken half naked to the pyre. She had questioned the canon several times upon that head, and had learned from him that "heretics, male and female, are taken to death without any other clothing than a shirt, and on their heads a large pasteboard mitre inscribed with the heretic's special crimes." At the thought of appearing in public in an almost nude condition the maid's dignity and modesty revolted. The despair that such thoughts threw her into made her ready to submit to any declaration that her judges might demand of her, if it only could save her from such ignominy. In vain did her voices whisper to her: "Submit bravely to your martyrdom, not the shadow of a wrongful act stains the luster of your life. Yield not to vain shame, the shamefulness of it must fall upon your murderers. Face without a blush the looks of men – glory covers you with a celestial aureola – be strong of heart!"
In these moments of despair, the heroine became again the timid young girl whose intense modesty had caused her even to renounce the sacred joys of wifehood, and who had taken the vow of virginity to her saints. Thus, despite the encouragement of her voices, her strength failed her, especially at the thought of being led to the pyre in a mere shirt. After her recent spell of sickness that, snapping the springs of her energetic and tender nature, slowly undermined her will power, Joan fell with increasing frequency under the dominion of weakness. At intervals her wonted courage and resoluteness resumed the ascendancy. Her voices said to her: "Do not yield to those false priests, who pretend to judge you and are but your butchers. Uphold truth bravely! Pride yourself in having saved France with the aid of heaven. Defy death! They may burn your body, but your fame will live imperishable as your immortal soul, that will radiantly rejoin its Creator! Noble victim of priests' hypocrisy and of the wickedness of man, quit this sad world and enter paradise!"
Such were, after her last interrogatory and the suffering produced by her illness, the spells of resoluteness and faint-heartedness that wrestled with each other and alternately exalted and again cast the heroine down. On this day, however, Joan Darc feels herself so exhausted that she feels certain she will speedily expire in her cell and escape the ordeal of the pyre. Suddenly the noise of approaching steps is heard outside and she recognizes the voice of the Bishop saying to the jailers:
"Open to us the door of Joan's prison; open it to the justice of God!"
The door is opened, and the prelate appears, accompanied by seven of the ecclesiastical judges – William Boucher, Jacob of Tours, Maurice of Quesnay, Nicolas Midi, William Adelin, Gerard Feuillet, and Haiton – and the inquisitor John Lemaitre.
The members of the holy tribunal are accompanied by two registrars. One of these carries a large lighted wax taper, the other a book of parchments and other writing material. The Bishop is clad in his sacerdotal robes, his accomplices wear their priestly or their monastic gowns. They silently range themselves in a semi-circle near the straw couch on which the chained prisoner is lying. The Bishop steps towards her; one of the registrars sits down at the table he has carried in, on which he lays his parchments; the other remains standing near his companion lighting the desk with his candle, whose reddish glamor falls upon the faces of the ecclesiastics, motionless as specters, and, rather than illuminating, imparts a somber aspect to the scene. Surprised at the unexpected visit, the object of which she is ignorant of, Joan Darc rises painfully and casts a frightened and wondering look around her.
Bishop Cauchon (in accents of hypocritic compassion) – "These reverend priests, doctors of theology, and myself, have come to visit you in your prison, out of which you are at present unable to move. We come to bring you words of consolation. You have been questioned by the most learned clerks of canonical law. Your answers, I must tell you paternally, have so far borne the stamp of most damnable error, and if you persist in these errors, errors so prejudicial to the salvation of your soul and the safety of your body, we shall see ourselves compelled to give you over to the secular arm."
Joan Darc (in a feeble voice) – "I feel so ill and so weak, that it seems to me I am about to die. If it must be so by the will of God I request communion before death, and sacred soil for my body after death."
A Judge – "Submit yourself to the Church. The more you stand in fear of death, all the more should you mend your ways."
Joan Darc – "If my body dies in prison, I request of you a sacred sepulchre for it. If you refuse that to me, I shall appeal to God. May His will be done."
Bishop Cauchon – "These are grave words. You appeal to God. But between you and God stands His Church."
Joan Darc – "Is it not all one – God and His Church?"
Bishop Cauchon – "Learn, my dear daughter, that there is a Church triumphant where God is with His saints, His angels and the saved souls; there is, besides, the Church militant composed of our Holy Father the Pope, vicar of God on earth, the cardinals, the prelates, the priests and all good Catholics, the which Church is infallible, in other words, can never err, can never be mistaken, guided as it is by the divine light. That, Joan, is the Church militant. Will you submit to its judgment? Will you, yes or no, acknowledge us as your judges, us, members of the Church militant?"
Joan Darc (recalls the advice of the canon; there can be no doubt, she thinks, that a snare is being laid for her; her mistrust being in accord with her naïve faith, she answers with all the firmness that her weakness allows) – "I went to the King for the sake of the salvation of France, sent to him by God and His saints. To that Church (making a sublime gesture), to that Church on high, do I submit in all my acts and words!"
Bishop Cauchon (with difficulty restraining his joy) – "You will not, then, accept the judgment of the Church militant upon your acts and words?"
Joan Darc – "I shall submit to this Church if it does not demand the impossible from me."
The Inquisitor – "What do you understand by that?"
Joan Darc – "To deny or repudiate the visions that I have had from God. For nothing in the world shall I deny or repudiate them. I shall not consent to save my life by a falsehood."
Bishop Cauchon (in a blandishing voice) – "If the Church militant were to declare those visions and apparitions illusory and diabolical, would you still refuse to submit to its judgment?"
Joan Darc – "I submit only to God, who has ever inspired me. I neither accept nor shall I accept the judgment of any man, all men being liable to error."
Bishop Cauchon (addressing the registrar) – "Write down that answer, registrar; write it down without any omission."
The Registrar – "Yes, monseigneur."
The Inquisitor – "You do not, then, hold yourself subject to the Church militant, that is to say to our Pope, our seigneurs the cardinals, archbishops, bishops and other holy ministers of God?"
Joan Darc (interrupting him) – "I recognize myself their subject – God being first served."
The admirable answer disconcerts the prelates. The ingenuous and pure soul that they expected to entangle in the perfidious net of their theological subtleties, slipped from them with one stroke of its wings.
Bishop Cauchon (is the first to recover, he addresses Joan with severity) – "You answer us like an idolater. You are exposing your body and your soul to a grave peril."
Joan Darc – "I could not answer otherwise, monseigneur."
A Judge (harshly) – "You will then have to die an apostate."
Joan Darc (with touching pride) – "I received baptism; I am a good Christian; I shall die a Christian."
Bishop Cauchon – "Do you desire to receive the body of the Savior?"
Joan Darc – "Oh, I wish it with all my soul!"
Bishop Cauchon – "You will then have to submit to the Church militant."
Joan Darc – "I serve God to the best of my ability – from Him I expect everything – nothing from the bishops, nothing from the priests, nothing from anybody."
The Inquisitor – "If you refuse submission to the holy Roman Catholic and Apostolic Church you will be given up for a heretic, and condemned to be burned."
Joan Darc (in a high degree of exaltation springing from her convictions and the disgust that the ecclesiastics inspire her) – "Even if the pyre stood ready I would answer no otherwise!"
Bishop Cauchon – "Joan, my dear daughter, your stiff-neckedness is execrable. Do you mean to say that if you stood before a council composed of our Holy Father, the cardinals and bishops, and they called upon you to submit to their decision – "
Joan Darc (interrupting him with pained impatience) – "Neither Pope, nor cardinals, nor bishops will draw from me other statements than those that I have made. Pray have mercy upon a poor creature! I am dying!" (She drops back upon the straw in a swoon.)
Bishop Cauchon – "Will you submit to the successor of St. Peter, our Holy Father? Answer categorically."
Joan Darc (after a long pause and recovering) – "Have me taken to him, I shall ask him for his blessing."
Bishop Cauchon – "What you say is insensate. Do you persist in keeping your male attire, a most blameworthy conduct?"
Joan Darc – "I would put on female clothes to go to church, if I could, in order to receive the body of my Savior. But back in my prison, I shall resume my male attire out of fear of being outraged by your people, as they have tried before now."
The Inquisitor – "Once more and for the last time, and be careful: if you persist in your damnable error our holy mother the Church will be forced, despite her infinite mercy, to deliver you over to the secular arm, and it will then be all over with your body and soul."
Joan Darc – "It would then be all over with your own souls – with the souls of yourselves who will have condemned me unjustly. Reflect upon that."
Bishop Cauchon – "Joan, I must charitably declare to you that if you stubbornly persist in your ways, there are torturers near who will put you to the rack.(He points to the door, Joan shivers.) There are torturers near – they are waiting – they will put you to cruel torments, for the sole purpose of drawing less damnable answers from you."
Joan Darc (yields at first to the terror of the thought of being tortured; the momentary weakness is, however, speedily overcome; she draws superhuman strength from the conviction of her innocence; sits up; casts a withering look upon the prelates and cries in an accent of indomitable resolution) – "Have my limbs torn one from the other! Have my soul leap out of my body! You shall be no further! And if the pain of the torture should draw from my distracted body aught that is contrary to what I have so far said, I take God for my witness, it will be pain alone that will have made me speak contrary to the truth!"115
Bishop Cauchon – "Joan, your transport singularly aggravates your position."
Joan Darc – "Listen, Oh, ye priests of Christ; listen, Oh, ye seigneurs of the Church; you are bent upon my death. If in order to make me die, if in order to execute me my clothes are to be taken off, I ask of you but a woman's shirt to march in to the pyre."
Bishop Cauchon (affecting astonishment) – "You pretend that you wear a man's shirt and clothes by the command of God; why should you want a woman's shirt to go to death in? This is a singular inconsistency."
Joan Darc – "Because it is longer."
The infamous ecclesiastics are determined to inflict upon the wretched young woman of hardly nineteen years all the tortures, from the rack to the pyre. A tremor, nevertheless, runs through them at the sublime modesty of the virgin, who requests of her butchers as a supreme act of mercy that she be allowed a woman's shirt to go to death in because such a shirt was longer, because it could better conceal her figure from the public gaze. Bishop Cauchon alone remains unaffected.
Bishop Cauchon (harshly addressing his accomplices) – "My very dear brothers, we shall assemble in a room of the tower in order to deliberate upon the torture that should be inflicted upon Joan."