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Loe raamatut: «Elizabeth and Mary: Cousins, Rivals, Queens»

Jane Dunn

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ELIZABETH
AND
MARY
Cousins, Rivals, Queens

JANE DUNN

DEDICATION

In memory of a much loved father

DAVID ROLF THESEN

1923–2002

‘out of the strong came forth sweetness’

Title Page

Dedication

Chronology

Preface

1 The Fateful Step

2 The Disappointment of Kings

3 The Education of Princes

4 Apprenticeship for a Queen

5 Wilfulness and God’s Will

6 Complicity and Competition

7 Raison de Coeur: Raison d’État

8 Seeking a Future King

9 Outrageous Fortune

10 Double Jeopardy

11 Singular Foes

12 The Consequence of the Offence

Select Bibliography

Index

P.S.

About the Author

About the Book

Read On

Acknowledgements

About the Author

Author’s Note

Notes

By the Same Author

About the Publisher

CHRONOLOGY

1457	28 JAN	Henry VII born
1485	15 DEC	Catherine of Aragon born
1486	19 SEPT	Arthur, Prince of Wales, born
1489	29 NOV	Margaret Tudor born (grandmother of Mary Queen of Scots)
1491	28 JUNE	Henry VIII born
1501	14 NOV	Catherine of Aragon marries Arthur, Prince of Wales
1501		Possible year of Anne Boleyn’s birth
1502	2 APRIL	Arthur, Prince of Wales, dies (aged 15)
1509	22 APRIL	Henry VII dies (aged 52); Henry VIII ascends t the throne (aged 17)
	11 JUNE	Catherine of Aragon marries Henry VIII
1512	10 APRIL	James V of Scotland born
1515	20 NOV	Mary of Guise born
1516	18 FEB	Mary I born
1520	13 SEPT	William Cecil, Lord Burghley, born
1532	1 SEPT	Anne Boleyn becomes Countess of Pembroke
1533	25 JAN	Anne Boleyn marries Henry VIII
	23 MAY	Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, pronounces marriage between Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII invalid
	28 MAY	Cranmer pronounces Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn married
	1 JUNE	Anne Boleyn crowned
	11 JULY	Henry VIII excommunicated
	7 SEPT	Elizabeth I born; possible date of birth of Robert Dudley
	10 SEPT	Elizabeth baptized at Greenwich
1534	20 APR	Elizabeth Barton, ‘Maid of Kent’, executed
1535	22 JUNE	Bishop John Fisher executed
	6 JULY	Sir Thomas More executed
1536	7 JAN	Catherine of Aragon dies (aged 50)
	29 JAN	Anne Boleyn miscarries a son
	17 MAY	George Boleyn, Anne’s brother, executed
	19 MAY	Anne Boleyn executed (Elizabeth aged 2 years 8 months)
	20 MAY	Henry VIII betrothed to Jane Seymour
	30 MAY	Henry VIII marries Jane Seymour
	1 JULY	Mary Tudor and Elizabeth declared illegitimate
1537	5 JULY	Queen Madeleine, wife of James V of Scotland, dies
	12 OCT	Edward VI born
	24 OCT	Jane Seymour dies (aged 28)
1538	9 MAY	James V of Scotland marries Mary of Guise
1540	22 MAY	James, Prince of Scotland, born
	28 JULY	Thomas Cromwell executed
1541	APR	Robert, Duke of Albany, James V and Mary of Guise’s second son, born
	29 APR-MAY	Both Scottish princes, Robert and James, die within days of each other
1542	24 NOV	Scottish forces routed by English at Solway Moss
	8 DEC	Mary Queen of Scots born
	13 DEC	James V dies (aged 30) and Mary becomes Queen of Scotland (aged 5 days)
1543	JUNE	Mary Tudor and Elizabeth reinstated in the succession
	JULY	Treaties of Greenwich; allowing for marriage of Mary to Prince Edward, Henry VIII’s heir
	12 JULY	Catherine Parr marries Henry VIII
	9 SEPT	Mary Queen of Scots crowned at Stirling Castle
1544	19 JAN	Francois II of France born
	14 SEPT	Henry VIII’s forces capture Boulogne
1545	7 DEC	Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, born
1547	28 JAN	Henry VIII dies (aged 55); Edward VI ascends to throne (aged 9)
	20 FEB	Edward VI crowned, Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, Lord Protector
	3 MAR	Francois I dies (aged 52); Henri II succeeds to French throne; Thomas Seymour and Catherine Parr betrothed
	10 SEPT	English rout of the Scots at Pinkie Cleugh
1548	7 JULY	Marriage contract between Mary Queen of Scots and the Dauphin Francois
	29 JULY	Mary Queen of Scots sails to France
	5 SEPT	Catherine Parr dies (aged 36)
1549	16 JAN	Arrest ordered of Sir Thomas Seymour, Lord Sudeley
	20 MAR	Sir Thomas Seymour executed
1550		Mary of Guise visits her daughter Mary Queen of Scots
	4 JUNE	Lord Robert Dudley marries Amy Robsart
1551	2 MAY	William Camden born (died 1623)
1552	22 JAN	Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, executed; John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, new Protector
1553	21 MAY	Lady Jane Grey marries Guildford Dudley
	6 JULY	Edward VI dies (aged 15), succeeded by Mary I
	10 JULY	Lady Jane Grey proclaimed Queen of England
	20 JULY	Mary Tudor proclaimed Queen of England
	3 AUG	Mary I and Elizabeth enter London
	21 AUG	John Dudley, Earl of Northumberland, beheaded
	30 OCT	Mary I crowned
1554	FEB	Wyatt Rebellion
	12 FEB	Lady Jane Grey executed (aged 16)
	18 MAR	Elizabeth in Tower
	11 APR	Sir Thomas Wyatt executed
	19 MAY	Elizabeth released from Tower and goes to Woodstock
	25 JULY	Mary I marries Philip II of Spain
	16 OCT	Bishops Ridley and Latimer burnt at stake at Oxford
	30 NOV	Philip Sidney born
1555	18 OCT	Elizabeth goes to Hatfield
	25 OCT	Holy Roman Emperor Charles V hands on his imperial position to brother Ferdinand, and sovereignty of the Low Countries to son Philip II
1556	21 MAR	Archbishop Thomas Cranmer burnt at stake
1557	7 JULY	Mary I declares war on France to support Philip II
1558	5 JAN	Calais lost to the French
	24 APR	Mary Queen of Scots marries Francois, Dauphin of France
	21 SEPT	Charles V dies
	17 NOV	Mary I dies (aged 42); Elizabeth I succeeds to the throne
		Henri II declares Mary Queen of Scots Queen of England and Ireland
1559	15 JAN	Elizabeth I crowned Queen of England and Ireland
	2 APRIL	Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis between England and France
	2 MAY	John Knox returns to Scotland
	8 MAY	Elizabeth’s Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity passed, implementing the Elizabethan religious settlement
	10 MAY	Scottish Lords of Congregation rebel against Mary of Guise’s regency
	20 JUNE	Henri II seriously injured in jousting tournament
	22 JUNE	Elizabeth’s prayer book issued
	10 JULY	Henri II dies; Francois II becomes King of France and Mary his queen,
	18 SEPT	Francois II crowned; he and Mary claim they are King and Queen of England and Ireland too
	21 OCT	Mary of Guise deposed for allowing French to fortify Leith
	18 DEC	Elizabeth sends aid to Scottish rebel lords
1560	27 FEB	Treaty of Berwick
	MAR	Tumult of Amboise, failed coup d’état against Guise domination and French persecution of Protestants
	11 JUN	Mary of Guise dies (aged 44)
	6 JUL	Treaty of Edinburgh between Scotland and England, Mary’s claims on English throne nullified, but Mary refuses to sign treaty
	11 AUG	Scottish Parliament establishes the reformed Protestant religion in Scotland
	8 SEPT	Lady Dudley (Amy Robsart), Lord Robert’s wife, found dead
	5 DEC	Francis Bacon born
1561	22 JAN	Francois II dies (aged 15) Mary becomes dowager queen of France; Charles IX King of France, Catherine de Medici as regent
	14 AUG	Mary leaves France
	19 AUG	Mary Queen of Scots returns to Scotland (aged 18)
1562	1 MAR	Massacre of Protestants at Vassy, instigated by Duc de Guise, beginning of French wars of religion
	26 MAY	Shane O’Neill leads a rebellion in Ireland
	OCT	Elizabeth seriously ill with smallpox
	28 OCT	Mary victorious over Earl of Huntly and his men at Corrichie
1563	22 FEB	Pierre de Chastelard executed
	24 FEB	François, Duc de Guise, assassinated (aged 44)
	JUNE	Mary’s first Parliament
	27 JUL	Havre surrendered to French
1564	6 FEB	Christopher Marlowe born
	23 APRIL	Reputed birthday of William Shakespeare
	25 JULY	Maximilian I succeeds as Holy Roman
		Emperor, as King of Austria, Bohemia and Hungary on death of Ferdinand I. Rest of Hapsburg dominions to Archduke Charles
	29 SEPT	Lord Robert Dudley created Earl of Leicester
1565	29 JULY	Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, enters Scotland
	FEB	Mary Queen of Scots marries Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley (she is 22, he 19)
	AUG-OCT	The Chaseabout Raid when Mary suppresses Moray’s rebellion
1566	1 JAN	Mary’s pregnancy announced
	9 MAR	David Rizzio murdered
	19 JUN	James, Mary’s son, born (James VI and I 1566–1625)
	NOV	Mary at Craigmillar Castle where she discusses the Darnley problem
	10 NOV	Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, born
	17 DEC	Prince James of Scotland baptized at Stirling Castle
1567	10 FEB	Darnley murdered at Kirk o’ Field, just outside Edinburgh (aged 21)
	19 APRIL	Ainslie Bond signed by Scottish nobles accepting Bothwell’s suit of Mary
	24 APR	Mary ‘abducted’ by James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell
	7 MAY	Lord and Lady Bothwell granted a divorce
	15 MAY	Mary marries Bothwell as her third husband
	15 JUNE	Mary surrenders to Confederate Lords at Carberry; Bothwell escapes
	17 JUNE	Mary imprisoned in Loch Leven Castle
	24 JULY	Mary forced to abdicate, James is declared King of Scotland (aged 13 months)
	29 JULY	James VI crowned at Stirling, James Stewart, Earl of Moray, becomes regent
1568	17 JAN	Lady Catherine Grey (Lady Catherine Seymour), Countess of Hertford, dies (aged 29)
	2 MAY	Mary escapes from Loch Leven
	13 MAY	Mary and supporters defeated at Langside
	18 MAY	Mary lands in Cumbria and conducted to Sheffield Castle
	23 MAY	Prince William of Orange defeats Spanish at the start of revolt in Low Countries
	15 JULY	Mary moved to Bolton Castle
	OCT	York conference to investigate Mary’s part in Darnley’s murder
	25 NOV	Enquiry moves to Westminster
1569	26 JAN	Mary moved into custody of Earl of Shrewsbury at Tutbury Castle
	APRIL	Elizabeth decides Mary must be returned to Scotland
	JULY	Moray declines to have Mary back
	10 OCT	Duke of Norfolk arrested
	14 NOV	Northern earls take possession of Durham Cathedral in Northern Rebellion
	22 NOV	Mary moved south to Coventry
	16 DEC	Northern earls flee to Scotland
1570	21 JAN	James Stewart, Earl of Moray and regent, assassinated
	25 FEB	Elizabeth excommunicated by Pope Pius V
	AUG	Norfolk released from Tower
1571	FEB	William Cecil created Baron Burghley
	APRIL	Ridolphi Plot revealed
	SEPT	Darnley’s father, Earl of Lennox and Regent of Scotland, assassinated
1572	JAN	Duke of Norfolk’s trial
	2 JUNE	Duke of Norfolk executed
	24 AUG	St Bartholomew’s Massacre
1574	30 MAY	Charles IX dies, succeeded by Henri III
1577	13 DEC	Francis Drake leaves Plymouth to attempt circumnavigation of the globe
1578	14 APRIL	Earl of Bothwell dies in Danish prison
1579	JAN	Jehan de Simier arrives in London to conduct courtship between Elizabeth and his master, François, Duc d’Alençon
1580	26 SEPT	Francis Drake enters Plymouth having completed his circumnavigation
1581	4 APRIL	Sir Francis Drake knighted
	6 JUNE	Execution of Regent Morton
	1 DEC	English Jesuit Edmund Campion executed
1582	5 OCT	Gregorian calendar adopted by Catholic countries when 5 Oct becomes 15
1583	NOV	Throckmorton Plot revealed
1584	10 JULY	William, Prince of Orange, assassinated
	OCT	Bond of Association
	NOV	Act of Association
1585	APRIL	Sir Amyas Paulet becomes Mary’s jailer
	8 DEC	Leicester sails for Low Countries as Elizabeth’s Lieutenant General
1586	24 JAN	Leicester accepts title of Governor of the Provinces
	JULY	Babington Plot
	1 JULY	Treaty of Berwick between Elizabeth I and James VI of Scotland
	14 AUG	Sir Antony Babington arrested
	20 SEPT	Babington executed
	25 SEPT	Mary brought to Fotheringhay Castle
	15–16 OCT	Trial of Mary Queen of Scots
	25 OCT	Mary pronounced guilty of conspiring to murder Elizabeth I in Star Chamber at Westminster
1587	1 FEB	Elizabeth signs Mary’s death warrant
	8 FEB	Mary executed at Fotheringhay Castle (aged 44)
1588	end JUL-8 AUG	Defeat of Spanish Armada
1603	24 MAR	Death of Elizabeth I