Lugege ainult LitRes'is

Raamatut ei saa failina alla laadida, kuid seda saab lugeda meie rakenduses või veebis.

Loe raamatut: «Elizabeth and Mary: Cousins, Rivals, Queens»

Font:

ELIZABETH
AND
MARY
Cousins, Rivals, Queens

JANE DUNN


DEDICATION

In memory of a much loved father

DAVID ROLF THESEN

1923–2002

‘out of the strong came forth sweetness’

CONTENTS

Title Page

Dedication

Chronology

Preface

1 The Fateful Step

2 The Disappointment of Kings

3 The Education of Princes

4 Apprenticeship for a Queen

5 Wilfulness and God’s Will

6 Complicity and Competition

7 Raison de Coeur: Raison d’État

8 Seeking a Future King

9 Outrageous Fortune

10 Double Jeopardy

11 Singular Foes

12 The Consequence of the Offence

Select Bibliography

Index

P.S.

About the Author

About the Book

Read On

Acknowledgements

About the Author

Author’s Note

Notes

By the Same Author

Copyright

About the Publisher

CHRONOLOGY


1457 28 JAN Henry VII born
1485 15 DEC Catherine of Aragon born
1486 19 SEPT Arthur, Prince of Wales, born
1489 29 NOV Margaret Tudor born (grandmother of Mary Queen of Scots)
1491 28 JUNE Henry VIII born
1501 14 NOV Catherine of Aragon marries Arthur, Prince of Wales
1501 Possible year of Anne Boleyn’s birth
1502 2 APRIL Arthur, Prince of Wales, dies (aged 15)
1509 22 APRIL Henry VII dies (aged 52); Henry VIII ascends t the throne (aged 17)
11 JUNE Catherine of Aragon marries Henry VIII
1512 10 APRIL James V of Scotland born
1515 20 NOV Mary of Guise born
1516 18 FEB Mary I born
1520 13 SEPT William Cecil, Lord Burghley, born
1532 1 SEPT Anne Boleyn becomes Countess of Pembroke
1533 25 JAN Anne Boleyn marries Henry VIII
23 MAY Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, pronounces marriage between Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII invalid
28 MAY Cranmer pronounces Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn married
1 JUNE Anne Boleyn crowned
11 JULY Henry VIII excommunicated
7 SEPT Elizabeth I born; possible date of birth of Robert Dudley
10 SEPT Elizabeth baptized at Greenwich
1534 20 APR Elizabeth Barton, ‘Maid of Kent’, executed
1535 22 JUNE Bishop John Fisher executed
6 JULY Sir Thomas More executed
1536 7 JAN Catherine of Aragon dies (aged 50)
29 JAN Anne Boleyn miscarries a son
17 MAY George Boleyn, Anne’s brother, executed
19 MAY Anne Boleyn executed (Elizabeth aged 2 years 8 months)
20 MAY Henry VIII betrothed to Jane Seymour
30 MAY Henry VIII marries Jane Seymour
1 JULY Mary Tudor and Elizabeth declared illegitimate
1537 5 JULY Queen Madeleine, wife of James V of Scotland, dies
12 OCT Edward VI born
24 OCT Jane Seymour dies (aged 28)
1538 9 MAY James V of Scotland marries Mary of Guise
1540 22 MAY James, Prince of Scotland, born
28 JULY Thomas Cromwell executed
1541 APR Robert, Duke of Albany, James V and Mary of Guise’s second son, born
29 APR-MAY Both Scottish princes, Robert and James, die within days of each other
1542 24 NOV Scottish forces routed by English at Solway Moss
8 DEC Mary Queen of Scots born
13 DEC James V dies (aged 30) and Mary becomes Queen of Scotland (aged 5 days)
1543 JUNE Mary Tudor and Elizabeth reinstated in the succession
JULY Treaties of Greenwich; allowing for marriage of Mary to Prince Edward, Henry VIII’s heir
12 JULY Catherine Parr marries Henry VIII
9 SEPT Mary Queen of Scots crowned at Stirling Castle
1544 19 JAN Francois II of France born
14 SEPT Henry VIII’s forces capture Boulogne
1545 7 DEC Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, born
1547 28 JAN Henry VIII dies (aged 55); Edward VI ascends to throne (aged 9)
20 FEB Edward VI crowned, Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, Lord Protector
3 MAR Francois I dies (aged 52); Henri II succeeds to French throne; Thomas Seymour and Catherine Parr betrothed
10 SEPT English rout of the Scots at Pinkie Cleugh
1548 7 JULY Marriage contract between Mary Queen of Scots and the Dauphin Francois
29 JULY Mary Queen of Scots sails to France
5 SEPT Catherine Parr dies (aged 36)
1549 16 JAN Arrest ordered of Sir Thomas Seymour, Lord Sudeley
20 MAR Sir Thomas Seymour executed
1550 Mary of Guise visits her daughter Mary Queen of Scots
4 JUNE Lord Robert Dudley marries Amy Robsart
1551 2 MAY William Camden born (died 1623)
1552 22 JAN Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, executed; John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, new Protector
1553 21 MAY Lady Jane Grey marries Guildford Dudley
6 JULY Edward VI dies (aged 15), succeeded by Mary I
10 JULY Lady Jane Grey proclaimed Queen of England
20 JULY Mary Tudor proclaimed Queen of England
3 AUG Mary I and Elizabeth enter London
21 AUG John Dudley, Earl of Northumberland, beheaded
30 OCT Mary I crowned
1554 FEB Wyatt Rebellion
12 FEB Lady Jane Grey executed (aged 16)
18 MAR Elizabeth in Tower
11 APR Sir Thomas Wyatt executed
19 MAY Elizabeth released from Tower and goes to Woodstock
25 JULY Mary I marries Philip II of Spain
16 OCT Bishops Ridley and Latimer burnt at stake at Oxford
30 NOV Philip Sidney born
1555 18 OCT Elizabeth goes to Hatfield
25 OCT Holy Roman Emperor Charles V hands on his imperial position to brother Ferdinand, and sovereignty of the Low Countries to son Philip II
1556 21 MAR Archbishop Thomas Cranmer burnt at stake
1557 7 JULY Mary I declares war on France to support Philip II
1558 5 JAN Calais lost to the French
24 APR Mary Queen of Scots marries Francois, Dauphin of France
21 SEPT Charles V dies
17 NOV Mary I dies (aged 42); Elizabeth I succeeds to the throne
Henri II declares Mary Queen of Scots Queen of England and Ireland
1559 15 JAN Elizabeth I crowned Queen of England and Ireland
2 APRIL Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis between England and France
2 MAY John Knox returns to Scotland
8 MAY Elizabeth’s Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity passed, implementing the Elizabethan religious settlement
10 MAY Scottish Lords of Congregation rebel against Mary of Guise’s regency
20 JUNE Henri II seriously injured in jousting tournament
22 JUNE Elizabeth’s prayer book issued
10 JULY Henri II dies; Francois II becomes King of France and Mary his queen,
18 SEPT Francois II crowned; he and Mary claim they are King and Queen of England and Ireland too
21 OCT Mary of Guise deposed for allowing French to fortify Leith
18 DEC Elizabeth sends aid to Scottish rebel lords
1560 27 FEB Treaty of Berwick
MAR Tumult of Amboise, failed coup d’état against Guise domination and French persecution of Protestants
11 JUN Mary of Guise dies (aged 44)
6 JUL Treaty of Edinburgh between Scotland and England, Mary’s claims on English throne nullified, but Mary refuses to sign treaty
11 AUG Scottish Parliament establishes the reformed Protestant religion in Scotland
8 SEPT Lady Dudley (Amy Robsart), Lord Robert’s wife, found dead
5 DEC Francis Bacon born
1561 22 JAN Francois II dies (aged 15) Mary becomes dowager queen of France; Charles IX King of France, Catherine de Medici as regent
14 AUG Mary leaves France
19 AUG Mary Queen of Scots returns to Scotland (aged 18)
1562 1 MAR Massacre of Protestants at Vassy, instigated by Duc de Guise, beginning of French wars of religion
26 MAY Shane O’Neill leads a rebellion in Ireland
OCT Elizabeth seriously ill with smallpox
28 OCT Mary victorious over Earl of Huntly and his men at Corrichie
1563 22 FEB Pierre de Chastelard executed
24 FEB François, Duc de Guise, assassinated (aged 44)
JUNE Mary’s first Parliament
27 JUL Havre surrendered to French
1564 6 FEB Christopher Marlowe born
23 APRIL Reputed birthday of William Shakespeare
25 JULY Maximilian I succeeds as Holy Roman
Emperor, as King of Austria, Bohemia and Hungary on death of Ferdinand I. Rest of Hapsburg dominions to Archduke Charles
29 SEPT Lord Robert Dudley created Earl of Leicester
1565 29 JULY Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, enters Scotland
FEB Mary Queen of Scots marries Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley (she is 22, he 19)
AUG-OCT The Chaseabout Raid when Mary suppresses Moray’s rebellion
1566 1 JAN Mary’s pregnancy announced
9 MAR David Rizzio murdered
19 JUN James, Mary’s son, born (James VI and I 1566–1625)
NOV Mary at Craigmillar Castle where she discusses the Darnley problem
10 NOV Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, born
17 DEC Prince James of Scotland baptized at Stirling Castle
1567 10 FEB Darnley murdered at Kirk o’ Field, just outside Edinburgh (aged 21)
19 APRIL Ainslie Bond signed by Scottish nobles accepting Bothwell’s suit of Mary
24 APR Mary ‘abducted’ by James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell
7 MAY Lord and Lady Bothwell granted a divorce
15 MAY Mary marries Bothwell as her third husband
15 JUNE Mary surrenders to Confederate Lords at Carberry; Bothwell escapes
17 JUNE Mary imprisoned in Loch Leven Castle
24 JULY Mary forced to abdicate, James is declared King of Scotland (aged 13 months)
29 JULY James VI crowned at Stirling, James Stewart, Earl of Moray, becomes regent
1568 17 JAN Lady Catherine Grey (Lady Catherine Seymour), Countess of Hertford, dies (aged 29)
2 MAY Mary escapes from Loch Leven
13 MAY Mary and supporters defeated at Langside
18 MAY Mary lands in Cumbria and conducted to Sheffield Castle
23 MAY Prince William of Orange defeats Spanish at the start of revolt in Low Countries
15 JULY Mary moved to Bolton Castle
OCT York conference to investigate Mary’s part in Darnley’s murder
25 NOV Enquiry moves to Westminster
1569 26 JAN Mary moved into custody of Earl of Shrewsbury at Tutbury Castle
APRIL Elizabeth decides Mary must be returned to Scotland
JULY Moray declines to have Mary back
10 OCT Duke of Norfolk arrested
14 NOV Northern earls take possession of Durham Cathedral in Northern Rebellion
22 NOV Mary moved south to Coventry
16 DEC Northern earls flee to Scotland
1570 21 JAN James Stewart, Earl of Moray and regent, assassinated
25 FEB Elizabeth excommunicated by Pope Pius V
AUG Norfolk released from Tower
1571 FEB William Cecil created Baron Burghley
APRIL Ridolphi Plot revealed
SEPT Darnley’s father, Earl of Lennox and Regent of Scotland, assassinated
1572 JAN Duke of Norfolk’s trial
2 JUNE Duke of Norfolk executed
24 AUG St Bartholomew’s Massacre
1574 30 MAY Charles IX dies, succeeded by Henri III
1577 13 DEC Francis Drake leaves Plymouth to attempt circumnavigation of the globe
1578 14 APRIL Earl of Bothwell dies in Danish prison
1579 JAN Jehan de Simier arrives in London to conduct courtship between Elizabeth and his master, François, Duc d’Alençon
1580 26 SEPT Francis Drake enters Plymouth having completed his circumnavigation
1581 4 APRIL Sir Francis Drake knighted
6 JUNE Execution of Regent Morton
1 DEC English Jesuit Edmund Campion executed
1582 5 OCT Gregorian calendar adopted by Catholic countries when 5 Oct becomes 15
1583 NOV Throckmorton Plot revealed
1584 10 JULY William, Prince of Orange, assassinated
OCT Bond of Association
NOV Act of Association
1585 APRIL Sir Amyas Paulet becomes Mary’s jailer
8 DEC Leicester sails for Low Countries as Elizabeth’s Lieutenant General
1586 24 JAN Leicester accepts title of Governor of the Provinces
JULY Babington Plot
1 JULY Treaty of Berwick between Elizabeth I and James VI of Scotland
14 AUG Sir Antony Babington arrested
20 SEPT Babington executed
25 SEPT Mary brought to Fotheringhay Castle
15–16 OCT Trial of Mary Queen of Scots
25 OCT Mary pronounced guilty of conspiring to murder Elizabeth I in Star Chamber at Westminster
1587 1 FEB Elizabeth signs Mary’s death warrant
8 FEB Mary executed at Fotheringhay Castle (aged 44)
1588 end JUL-8 AUG Defeat of Spanish Armada
1603 24 MAR Death of Elizabeth I