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Inhaltsverzeichnis

1 Cover
2 „JEDER DOLLAR EIN WAHLZETTEL“ Wie eine demokratische Verheißung scheiterte „Jeder Dollar ein Wahlzettel“ „The demolition of society“ „Fundamentalökonomie“ LITERATUR
3 DEN STAAT IN DIE PFLICHT NEHMEN Staatliche Gewährleistung der öffentlichen Infrastuktur Die staatliche Organisation öffentlicher Güter Dimensionen der staatlichen Gewährleistung Politik des Gewährleistungsstaats Staatliche Macht(-ansprüche) Politik mit dem Gewährleistungsstaat LITERATUR
4 GENTRIFIZIERUNG UND SOZIALE POLARISIERUNG IN DER STADT Wege der Gentrifizierung Angebot oder Nachfrage? Gefahr der sozialen Spaltung LITERATUR
5 ÜBERVERSORGTE STÄDTE, UNTERVERSORGTES LAND? Regionale Selektionsprozesse im Bereich der Daseinsvorsorge Stadt-Land oder Zentrum-Peripherie? Implikationen privatwirtschaftlicher und staatlicher Organisationsstrukturen Räumliche Verbreitungsmuster ausgewählter Daseinsvorsorgebereiche Fazit LITERATUR
6 EIN NEUER „OST-WEST-KONFLIKT“? Deutschland im Jahr 30 der Wiedervereinigung Zur Bestimmung von Ost- und Westdeutschen Von der Ost-West-Differenz zur Anerkennungsdiskrepanz Von der Problematisierung des ‚Ostens‘ zur Thematisierung des Ost-West-Verhältnisses LITERATUR
7 Pro & Contra Warum es in der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft der Regionalpolitik bedarf LITERATUR Gleichwertigkeit der Lebensverhältnisse: ein untaugliches Konzept LITERATUR
8 INTERVIEW mit Kevin Kühnert Die Politik hat sich selbst kastriert
9 Wann Lügen zum Problem werden Zum Umgang mit der Wahrheit im postfaktischen Zeitalter Lügen hat es in der Politik schon immer gegeben Politische Lügen sind nicht prinzipiell verwerflich Eine Kultur der Lüge gefährdet die Demokratie LITERATUR
10 Bücher zum Thema
11 Bücher für den Politikunterricht
12 Das besondere Buch
13 Literaturtipps
14 Impressum

Leiten

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POLITIKUM
KEIN WOLF AUF DER THERESIENWIESE

Für viele Jahrzehnte sind In Deutschland tausende Kilometer an Gleisstrecken stillgelegt worden. Nach der Privatisierung der Bundesbahn sollte die Bahn AG auf Gewinn getrimmt und für den Börsengang attraktiv gemacht werden. Während der Fernverkehr auf den Magistralen alle Aufmerksamkeit genoss, zog sich die Bahn aus der Fläche weiter zurück. Die volks- und betriebswirtschaftlichen Daten sprachen eine deutliche Sprache: unrentabel.

Es bedurfte der beiden Dürrejahre 2018 und 2019, alarmierender Berichte über das Artensterben und der Fridays for Future-Bewegung, um die Erkenntnis mehrheitsfähig zu machen, dass der auf der Verbrennungstechnologie beruhende Individualverkehr nicht auf ewig zu annehmbaren gesamtgesellschaftlichen und -wirtschaftlichen Kosten die Hauptlast des Verkehrs tragen kann. Die Antwort ist unter anderem die Senkung der Mehrwertsteuer auf Bahntickets, es sollen sogar einige Strecken wieder an das Schienennetz angeschlossen werden.

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Das ist eine gute Nachricht. Doch sie hat einen bitteren Beigeschmack. Lange war kein sozial- oder regionalpolitisches Argument und kein Hinweis auf verödende Städte und sterbende Dörfer stark genug, um bei den Verantwortlichen einen verkehrspolitischen Sinneswandel auszulösen. Dazu bedurfte es des Bienensterbens. Die Menschen in den buchstäblich abgehängten Regionen fragen sich mit einiger Berechtigung, ob das mehr zählt als sie. Diese Sorge ist zwar nicht ganz schlüssig, weil es letztendlich um unterschiedliche Dinge geht. Verständlich ist sie dennoch. Daran zeigt sich, dass die Stadt-Land-Problematik nicht allein eine Frage „gleichwertiger Lebensverhältnisse“ ist, sondern eine der gegenseitigen Achtung. Denn die Zahlen weisen darauf hin, dass die Infrastruktur in Deutschland von wenigen Ausnahmen abgesehen auch im ländlichen Raum gut ist. Doch was soll ein Wolfratshausener davon halten, dass die Münchener Metropole zunehmend auf die Wasserreserven des Voralpenlands zugreift, dass die erholungsbedürftigen Großstädter die dortige Infrastruktur massiv in Anspruch nehmen und die Ankunft des Wolfes bejubeln, wohl wissend, dass dieser auf der Theresienwiese keine Schafe schlagen wird? Hier sind Nutzen und Belastung – gefühlt oder tatsächlich – zu ungleich verteilt. Das wird eine zukünftige Infrastrukturpolitik zu beachten haben.

Die Schattenseite der Großstadt zeigt sich hingegen bei der Wohnungssuche. Hier gehen Politik- und Marktversagen Hand in Hand, haben einen langsamen Prozess der „Gentrifizierung“ nach sich gezogen, der das Gesicht zunächst eines Quartiers, dann eines Stadtteils und schließlich einer ganzen Stadt verändern kann.

Soll diesen Entwicklungen Einhalt geboten werden, wird den Kommunen eine Schlüsselrolle zukommen müssen. Ob sie dazu – rechtlich und vor allem finanziell – in die Lage versetzt werden, steht in den Sternen. Dabei wird sich an dieser Frage auch entscheiden, ob die Menschen den Eindruck zurückgewinnen, durch ihr Votum bei der Wahl einen Unterschied zu bewirken, weil die Kommunen mehr als ihre Pflichtaufgaben zu erfüllen in der Lage sein werden.

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Schwerpunkt

Wie eine demokratische Verheißung scheiterte

Die Ankündigung, die „Grenzen des Staates zurückdrängen“ zu wollen, enthielt nicht nur ein Freiheitsversprechen, sondern war auch eine demokratische Verheißung. Sie blieb allerdings unerfüllt.

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Schwerpunkt

Fundamentalökonomie

Mit diesem Begriff wird die Bedeutung materieller und immaterieller Güter der Daseinsvorsorge für jeden Einzelnen wie auch für Staat, Gesellschaft und Wirtschaft beschrieben, die der Staat verantworten muss.

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Schwerpunkt

Gentrifizierung

Der Rückzug des Staates aus dem Wohnungsbau und die Preisexplosion bei Immobilien in einigen Städten hat Selektions- und Verdrängungsprozesse ausgelöst, die das Gesicht von Stadtvierteln und ganzen Städten verändert haben.

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Schwerpunkt

Stadt versus Land?

Bei allen Klagen über das Gefälle zwischen Stadt und Land ist die Versorgung mit Leistungen der Daseinsvorsorge insgesamt überwiegend gut. Verbesserungsbedarf gibt es allerdings bei Vielfalt und Qualität des Angebots.

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Interview

Ost und West

Auch dreißig Jahre nach dem Mauerfall teilt sich das Land in Ost und West. Neben einer „Anerkennungsdiskrepanz“ aus „ostdeutscher“ Perspektive werden die alten Trennlinien hauptsächlich von Menschen mit westlicher Sozialisation aufrechterhalten.

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Pro & Contra

Gleichwertige Lebensverhältnisse

Nutzen und Zweck von Regionalfördermaßnahmen werden unterschiedlich bewertet. Sind sie für den sozialen Zusammenhalt erforderlich und ist die „Gleichwertigkeit der Lebensverhältnisse“ ein sinnvolles Ziel?

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Interview

Die Politik hat sich selbst kastriert

Die Daseinsvorsorge in öffentlicher Hand dient mehr als der Bereitstellung wichtiger Güter und Dienstleistungen. Sie zähmt den Kapitalismus, dämpft die Ungleichheit und stärkt, richtig gemacht, Teilhabe und Demokratie.

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Forum

Wahrheit und Lüge in postfaktischen Zeiten

Die politische Lüge kommt, selbstverständlich, auch in der Demokratie vor. Die hält das aus. Eine Kultur der Lüge, wie sie im „postfaktischen Zeitalter“ gedeiht, ist hingegen eine Bedrohung.

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■ Gleichwertige Lebensverhältnisse – Vision oder Illusion

Stefan Schieren

„Jeder Dollar ein Wahlzettel“. Wie eine demokratische Verheißung scheiterte

Hans-Jürgen Bieling u. Matthias Möhring-Hesse

Den Staat in die Pflicht nehmen. Staatliche Gewährleistung der öffentlichen Infrastuktur

Martin Kronauer

Gentrifizierung und soziale Polarisierung in der Stadt

Antonia Milbert und Matthias Furkert

Überversorgte Städte, unterversorgtes Land? Regionale Selektionsprozesse im Bereich der Daseinsvorsorge

Madlen Preuß

Ein neuer „Ost-West-Konflikt“? Deutschland im Jahr 30 der Wiedervereinigung

■ Pro & Contra

Christian A. Oberst

Warum es in der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft der Regionalpolitik bedarf

Joachim Ragnitz

Gleichwertigkeit der Lebensverhältnisse: ein untaugliches Konzept

Interview mit Kevin Kühnert Die Politik hat sich selbst kastriert

■ Forum

Klaus Stüwe

Wann Lügen zum Problem werden. Zum Umgang mit der Wahrheit im postfaktischen Zeitalter

■ Rezensionen

Bücher zum Thema

Bücher für den Politikunterricht

Das besondere Buch

■ Literaturtipps

Impressum

„ JEDER DOLLAR EIN WAHLZETTEL“
Wie eine demokratische Verheißung scheiterte

von STEFAN SCHIEREN

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Die neoliberale Wende um 1980 enthielt auch die Verheißung, durch „consumerism“ die Demokratie zu stärken. Doch sie löste dieses Versprechen nicht ein, sondern mündete in einer „Krise des demokratischen Kapitalismus“ (Wolfgang Streeck).

In Großbritannien, dem Mutterland der Industrialisierung, zogen in der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts immer mehr Menschen vom Land in die Stadt und siedelten sich in den wie Pilze aus dem Boden sprießenden Elendsvierteln an. Zur eigenen Versorgung brachten sie ihr Viehzeug mit, das mit den auf engstem Raum lebenden Menschen eine Unmenge an Unrat produzierte. Die hygienischen Bedingungen waren katastrophal und wuchsen sich angesichts fehlender Infrastruktur zu einem gewaltigen Gesundheitsrisiko aus. 1854 brach in London eine Cholera-Epidemie aus, die Tausende Tote forderte. Der Arzt John Snow begab sich auf die Suche nach der Ursache. Er fand heraus, dass verunreinigtes Wasser für die Verbreitung der tödlichen Krankheit verantwortlich war. Es lag also auf der Hand, durch Kläranlagen sowie Ver-und Entsorgungseinrichtungen die Gefahrenquelle zu beseitigen.

Doch solche technischen bzw. leitungsgebunden Einrichtungen erforderten bereits damals hohe Investitionen, die von den Armen der am meisten betroffenen Elendsviertel nicht aufgebracht werden konnten. Die wohlhabenden Fabrikbesitzer hingegen konnten selbst für ihre Versorgung mit sauberem Wasser sorgen und lehnten es ab, die immensen Kosten für andere zu übernehmen. Damit es zum Ausbau einer leistungsfähigen Infrastruktur kommen konnte, reichte die objektive Notwendigkeit offenkundig nicht aus. Es musste eine weitere Bedingung hinzutreten: Das Wahlrecht für breite Schichten der Bevölkerung. Erst die Verschiebung der politischen Machtverhältnisse, wie sie die Wahlrechtsreform seit 1867 erbrachte, führte dazu, dass zunächst London Ver- und Entsorgungseinrichtungen in öffentlicher Verantwortung baute (Deaton 2017, 130 ff.).

Die Stärkung demokratischer Mitwirkungsrechte in England hat den flächendeckenden Ausbau einer Versorgungsinfrastruktur seit dem letzten Drittel des 19. Jahrhunderts mindestens beschleunigt, wenn nicht erst ermöglicht (zu „öffentlichen Gütern“ siehe den Beitrag von Bieling/Möhring-Hesse in diesem Heft). Es handelt sich dabei um solche Leistungen, die Egon Forsthoff 1931 mit dem heute altbacken klingenden Begriff „Daseinsvorsorge“ belegt hat – Strom, Post, Telekommunikation, Wasser, Abwasser, Müllentsorgung, Verkehr. Sie sind zur Bewältigung des Alltags unverzichtbar und sollen daher jedem zur Verfügung stehen, unabhängig von der finanziellen Leistungsfähigkeit des einzelnen Nutzers. Das bedeutet, dass für diese Güter die Rationierungsfunktion des Preises außer Kraft gesetzt werden sollte.

Damit es unter diesen Bedingungen überhaupt zu einem Angebot kommt, muss der Staat als Leistungserbringer einspringen. Gleichzeitig fungiert er als Agentur, die über demokratische Wahlen die Interessen zwischen Nutznießern dieser Güter und den Geldgebern dafür ausgleicht. Damit entscheidet der Wahlakt nicht nur über die Verteilung und Zuteilung politischer Macht, sondern in der „mixed economy“ auch über die Verteilung der ökonomischen Macht und zähmt so die unbändigen Kräfte des Kapitalismus in einem sozial ausgleichenden Sinne.

In Großbritannien erreichte diese Entwicklung unter der Labour-Regierung 1945–1951 ihren Höhe- und Wendepunkt. Diese verstaatlichte zahlreiche Schlüsselindustrien (Kohle, Eisen und Stahl) und Versorgungsbereiche (Bahn, Strom, Gas, Radio, Fernsehen) und baute zudem den Sozialstaat mit dem National Health Service als Herzstück entschlossen aus. Dabei war es das erklärte Ziel, die Macht des Kapitals durch „an increase in the economic power of the state“ einzuhegen (Crosland 1957, 30). Die Verstaatlichung nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg unter Labour diente also gleichzeitig einem ökonomischen, sozialen und demokratischen Zweck.

Nachdem die konservative Partei diese Politik zunächst mittrug („postwar consensus“), nahm sie Mitte der 1970er Jahre unter der neuen Vorsitzenden Margaret Thatcher einen entschiedenen Politikwechsel vor. Nach dem Wahlsieg 1979 zielte der „Thatcherismus“ darauf, die Rolle des Staates in der Wirtschaft zurückzudrängen („Rolling back the frontiers of the

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Die Gleichung „Jeder Dollar ein Wahlzettel“ war ein Scheinangebot

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state“). Dabei setzte er zugleich auf die Machtmittel eines starken Staats, um diesen Kurs durchzusetzen und die Wirtschaft vor den als ungerechtfertigt eingestuften Forderungen der Gesellschaft zu schützen. Im mit großer Härte ausgetragenen Streik der Bergarbeiter 1984/85 wurde das deutlich. Thatcher war der Überzeugung, dass der Markt für nahezu jedes Problem die beste Lösung hervorbringen würde, sofern man seinen Kräften freien Lauf ließe. So war es der Dreiklang aus Privatisierung, Deregulierung und Liberalisierung, der die Wirtschaftspolitik der 1980er Jahre bestimmte.

Ein argumentatives Problem aber gab es zu lösen. Wie sollte man das Wahlvolk dazu bringen, für dieses Programm zu stimmen, wenn es den Verlust demokratischer Mitbestimmungsrechte zur Folge haben würde, wenn vormals in öffentlichem Eigentum befindliche Güter in die Hände Privater übergingen? Dazu bediente sich der Thatcherismus einer Argumentation, wie sie in den 1930er Jahren von Ökonomen um Friedrich von Hayek, Ludwig von Mises und Wilhelm Röpke aus der so genannten Genfer Schule entwickelt worden war. Diese „Globalisten“ erklärten, der Gedanke von Demokratie und Freiheit sei am besten verwirklicht, wenn aus „jedem Dollar ein Wahlzettel“ (zit. n. Slobodian 2019, 253) werde, denn, so Buchanan, „a dollar vote is never overruled“ (zit. n. Biebricher 2018, 99). Die Idee, die dahinter steckt und unter dem Begriff „consumerism“ Karriere machte, ist die folgende: In einer staatlich gelenkten Wirtschaft mit staatlichen Monopolbetrieben kann das Wahlvolk einmal in einem Zeitraum von vier bis fünf Jahren über die Teilnahme an der Wahl zum Unterhaus oder zum Local Council sein Urteil darüber fällen, wie er die Summe aller öffentlichen Leistungen insgesamt beurteilt. Es liegt auf der Hand, dass sich bei diesem Entscheidungsmodus nur wenig ändern lässt, wenn man unzufrieden ist. Wie anders sind die Möglichkeiten in einem wettbewerblich organisierten Markt mit vielen miteinander konkurrierenden Privatunternehmen. Die Wahlberechtigten können nun zwischen einer Vielzahl verschiedener Angebote auswählen und sich je nach Präferenz für eine gute Qualität zu einem höheren oder eine geringere Qualität zu einem günstigeren Preis entscheiden, und zwar jeden Tag. Schlechte und zu teure Anbieter würden so vom Markt verschwinden. Auf diese Weise werde der „Geldschein“ zum „Wahlzettel“ für gute und preisgünstige Angebote. Das sei nicht nur „demokratischer“ als die alte Staatswirtschaft, sondern auch effizienter.

Weil das so gut klang, wurde der Wettbewerb schrittweise auch auf Bereiche übertragen, die zwar nicht oder nur partiell am Marktgeschehen teilnahmen, aber miteinander konkurrieren sollten: Universitäten, Schulen oder das Sozial- und Gesundheitswesen. Diese mussten nun in den Wettbewerb zum Beispiel um Projektmittel treten. Benchmarks und Leistungsmessungen sollten den „Kunden“ – Studierende, Eltern oder Kranke – den Vergleich von Schulen, Universitäten oder Krankenhäusern ermöglichen und sie damit in die Lage versetzen, die „guten“ von den „schlechten“ Anbietern zu unterscheiden. Einrichtungen, die ihre „Kunden“ und damit ihre Finanzierungsgrundlage nicht verlieren wollten, mussten sich im Wettbewerb bewähren. So sollte alles besser und billiger werden.

Es lag in der Absicht dieser Politik, für nahezu jedes auftretende politische, gesellschaftliche oder ökonomische Problem den Marktmechanismus die Lösung finden zu lassen und so eine wohlhabendere, effizientere und gerechtere Welt zu schaffen. Das ist nicht gelungen.

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POLITIKUMKEIN WOLF AUF DER THERESIENWIESE

„ JEDER DOLLAR EIN WAHLZETTEL“Wie eine demokratische Verheißung scheiterte

POLITIKUM
KEIN WOLF AUF DER THERESIENWIESE

„ JEDER DOLLAR EIN WAHLZETTEL“
Wie eine demokratische Verheißung scheiterte