Пятая книга из серии работ французского философского коллектива «Тиккун». «Сперва этот ритуал утверждает абсолютную меновую равнозначность товара, а затем абсолютная потребительная равнозначность деспотично и резко обрекает всех Блумов, купивших этот товар, на обеднение».

В формате PDF A4 сохранен издательский макет книги.

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Тиккун
Об экономике как чёрной магии. Отчёт об одном из имперских механизмов для Общества продвижения криминологии

Tiqqun

Organe conscient du Parti Imaginaire

Paris

Перевод с французского и примечания

Марии Лепиловой

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Публ. по: Tiqqun. Organe conscient du Parti Imaginaire. Exercices de Metaphysique Critique. Paris. 1999. P. 80–93; Tiqqun. Organe de liaison au sein du Parti Imaginaire. Zone d’Opacite Offensive. Paris. 2001. P. 162—175

На обложке: Люди получают от дьявола книгу по чёрной магии в обмен на Евангелие. Иллюстрация из кн. Франческо Мария Гуаццо “Compendium Maleficarum” (Милан, 1626)

Об экономике как чёрной магии. Метафизическая критика

Трах~тебе~в~брюх! Мы ничего не сумеем толком разрушить, если не разнесём до основания и сами развалины!
Однако я вижу для этого лишь один путь – воздвигнуть взамен великолепные и весьма благоустроенные здания.
Альфред Жарри¹

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I. Товар и равнозначность

1. Товар – это то, что по сути своей совершенно равнозначно. Очевидным это становится тогда, когда два товара (одним из которых нередко бывают деньги) участвуют в обмене. Маркс критиковал такую равнозначность как абстракцию и не ошибся: речь идёт о реальной абстракции.

2. Само собой, Маркс пытался найти для этой абстракции конкретное обоснование. Он полагал, что таким обоснованием может служить потребительная стоимость, стоимость как польза. Для него в потребительной стоимости нет ничего таинственного, она представляет собой наготу, само тело вещи, её физическую реальность. Кроме того, и как следствие, потребительная стоимость не имеет отношения собственно к логике меновой стоимости, то есть к логике равнозначности: «как потребительные стоимости товары различаются прежде всего качественно»². Впрочем, Маркс уточняет, что потребительная стоимость не может быть свойством товаров (к примеру, воздух, которым мы дышим, пока ещё не продаётся), а также неоднократно даёт понять как нечто самоочевидное, что она даже не предполагает наличия рынка.

Однако мы увидим, что на самом деле потребительная стоимость, которая кажется на первый взгляд чем-то простым и само собой разумеющимся, – явление довольно сложное, со множеством метафизических тонкостей. И более того, мы увидим, что именно она лежит в основе абстрактной логики равнозначности, неотделимой от логики меновой стоимости, которую критиковал Маркс.

3. Идею метафизики пользы Гегель описывает следующим образом:

«Так же, как для человека всё полезно, он и сам полезен, и равным образом его определение – сделаться общеполезным и общепригодным членом человеческого отряда. В какой мере он заботится о себе, в такой же именно мере он должен отдавать себя другим, и в такой же мере, в какой он это делает, он заботится о себе самом; рука руку моет. Но где он находится, там его надлежащее место; он извлекает пользу из других, а другие извлекают пользу из него.

Разные вещи полезны друг для друга по-разному, но все вещи обладают этой полезной взаимностью благодаря своей сущности, состоящей именно в том, что они двояким образом относятся к абсолютному: положительно, благодаря чему они суть в себе и для себя, и негативно, благодаря чему они суть для других. Отношение к абсолютной сущности или религии есть поэтому из всего полезного – самое полезное; ибо она есть самая чистая польза, она есть это устойчивое существование всех вещей или их в-себе и для-себя-бытие и отпадение всех вещей или их бытие для иного» («Феноменология духа»)³.

примечание 1: Именно к такой банальности сводятся, например, «рассуждения» идиотов-негристов⁴. Более века спустя после выхода «Экономических рукописей», в которых Маркс сформулировал весьма прискорбный тезис о Нематериальном Производстве, эти люди всё ещё смакуют сии запоздалые мандевилевские⁵ испражнения и радостно разносят их повсюду на грязных подмётках. Только поглядите на них: дегустаторы навоза, облизывающие губищи и задницы и безмятежно листающие списки всех иксов и игреков, которых можно было бы «задействовать в работе» – и душу, и чувства, и негристскую взбивалку для нематериальной подливки⁶до кучи. Когда пора бы уже понять, что в конце концов труд оказался чем-то несущественным, что у него нет никакого собственного обоснования, эти вонючие придурки поют сомнительные дифирамбы предполагаемому широкому распространению пользы, а ведь на самом деле пользы – в утилитаристском смысле слова (то есть некой взаимосвязи, способной формировать мир) – нет нигде! И так называемое широкое распространение служит достаточным тому подтверждением. С каждым днём понятие пользы всё больше распространяется непонятно на что, а это доказывает, что оно не значит ничего. Пройдохи-утилитаристы твердят о пользе бесполезного, но не замечают бесполезности полезного. А ведь куда ни глянь, повсюду не польза, а сплошной утилитаризм, чтоб ему неладно было!

примечание 2: Абсолютная сущность – если рассматривать её через призму высшей пользы – может по-прежнему называться Богом (как, скажем, у Вольтера), у тех же, для кого Бог явно превратился в бесполезную гипотезу, она может стать «обществом», в котором высшей пользе даются более характерные наименования, например: Величайшее Счастье Наибольшего Числа (эту блевотину Бентам откопал у Беккариа – “massima felicita divisa nel maggior numero”¹ – и с наслаждением её заглотил), Национальное Богатство, экономический рост, и т. п. или же просто-напросто потребность в абстрактном понимании слова. Так или иначе, она всегда заключает в себе отношение между вещами и отношение вещей к самим себе, образуя при этом основу общей равнозначности, равнозначности как почвы, из которой только потом уже произрастают негативные взаимосвязи между вещами, при том, что сами негативные связи включены в абсолютную сущность под видом высшей пользы (мнимое обилие изощрённых потребностей, эдакий филиал высшей пользы). Конец негативу! На радость всем обывателям на свете эта дивная концепция – и все её вариации, начиная от простецких теорий общественного договора и заканчивая современными, но не менее примитивными идеями сторонников воинствующего коммуникационного демократизма – гасит даже самое жаркое пламя в обледенелых болотах поганой социальной позитивности. Однако, к неудовольствию упомянутых господ, в этих мёртвых водах кишит нечистая сила, и мы ещё увидим, какая именно.

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Теодор де Бри. Индейский рынок в Картахене

4. Потребительная стоимость относится к потребности так же как, по мнению Маркса, меновая стоимость относится к труду: потребительная стоимость – это абстрактная потребность, принявшая форму вещи и воспринимаемая как собственное свойство вещи, поскольку потребность предстаёт как нечто обобщённое, абстрактное, «…этот преднамеренный взгляд, что всё в своём непосредственном наличном бытии есть в себе или хорошо»⁸, можно сказать, проник внутрь вещи и теперь составляет метафизическую основу меновой стоимости и рыночной абстракции. примечание 1: На страницах этой статьи, как, впрочем, и всех «Упражнений в Критической Метафизике», мы будем настойчиво критиковать утилитаристскую мокроту, которая слишком уж долго передавалась изо рта в рот и в которой смешалась вся торговая слизь и экономическая желчь, прожаренная на плавниковой древесине определённой и по нынешним временам откровенно контрреволюционной ветви марксизма; мы будем критиковать эту безграничную уверенность в том, что Бытие и Дух целиком исчерпаны, и всё благодаря волшебным силам пользы, потребности и прибыли. – Такое схоластическое чванство, которого хватит на миллионы Пьеров Бурдъё и которое представляет собой всего лишь зауряднейшее самоописание товара, каждый день опровергается самим фактом существования товара.

примечание 2: Это почти что удалось понять некоему Жану Бодрийяру, призывавшему к критике политической экономики знака, хотя, признаем, ему и потребовалось определённое несвойственное ему усилие мысли. Впрочем, он по глупости своей решил, что утилитаризм можно сбросить со счетов отсылкой к какому-то Абсолюту… На самом же деле метафизику полезного – а ведь речь идёт именно о метафизике – компрометирует вовсе не её предполагаемая связь с Абсолютом, а формат этой связи, тот факт, что эта связь изображается как высшая польза, и, наконец, тот факт, что это — ложная метафизика. А господин Бодрийяр всё приравнивает её к христианству и сокрушается, что поганую эту трансцендентность ещё не закопали вместе с остальным метафизическим старьём. Вот что обличает в Бодрийяре суперутилитариста, совершенно серьёзно заявляющего о тождестве христианства и потребительной стоимости на том лишь основании, что оба понятия сводятся к какой-то трансцендентности – трансцендентности, которую наш бравый постмодернистский школяр может представить себе лишь абстрактно, как произвольную трансцендентность, и лишь в формате высшей пользы. Более того, эта свинья не только провозглашает общую равнозначность всех метафизических моментов, но и наивно верит в милейшую фантазию утилитаристов, полагающих, будто их теории «застрахованы от метафизики». Идиот, если бы ты читал Пеги («Ситуации»), ты бы знал, до какой степени метафизика может быть переносной! В каком таком мире ты бултыхаешься? Тебе претит всякий телос, заключённый внутри вещей? А ведь от того, что в них действительно заключено, тебе может и не поздоровиться… Вот вы с остальными постмодернистскими шавками и воете вусмерть, что всё это иллюзии, что ничего не существует, и что, в конце концов, плевать на всё, пока есть университетское жалованье и язвительные любезности от шавок-сослуживцев – видать, utile е опоге [1]1
польза и слава (шпал.) – выражение, заимствованное из «Жизнеописаний наиболее знаменитых живописцев, ваятелей и зодчих» Дж. Вазари (1550) (здесь и далее в постраничных сносках – примеч. пер.).

[Закрыть]…

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ТиккунОб экономике как чёрной магии. Отчёт об одном из имперских механизмов для Общества продвижения криминологии

Об экономике как чёрной магии. Метафизическая критика

I. Товар и равнозначность

Тиккун
Об экономике как чёрной магии. Отчёт об одном из имперских механизмов для Общества продвижения криминологии