Greek Biology & Greek Medicine

This little book is an attempt to compress into a few pages an account of the general evolution of Greek biological and medical knowledge. The Greek people had many roots, racial, cultural, and spiritual, and from them all, they inherited various powers and qualities and derived various ideas and traditions. It is thus not surprising that our first systematic treatment of animals is in a practical medical work, the On Regimen (περὶ διαίτης) of the Hippocratic Collection. This very peculiar treatise dates from the later part of the fifth century. It is strongly under the influence of Heracleitus (c. 540-475) and contains many points of view which reappear in later philosophy. All animals, according to it, are formed of fire and water, nothing is born and nothing dies, but there is a perpetual and eternal revolution of things, so that change itself is the only reality. Man's nature is but a parallel to that of the universal nature, and the arts of man are but an imitation or reflex of the natural arts or, again, of the bodily functions. The soul, a mixture of water and fire, consumes itself in infancy and old age, and increases during adult life. Here, too, we meet with that singular doctrine, not without bearing on the course of later biological thought, that in the foetus all parts are formed simultaneously. On the proportion of fire and water in the body all depends, sex, temper, temperament, intellect. Such speculative ideas separate this book from the sober method of the more typical Hippocratic medical works with which indeed it has little in common.