«Говорение» – один из разделов ЕГЭ и ОГЭ по английскому языку. Выполняя задания данного раздела, учащиеся показывают, насколько правильно у них сформированы навыки устной речи:

– Фонетическое оформление (произношение звуков),

– Используемый словарный запас,

– Используемые грамматические структуры,

– Построение логичного высказывания и т. д.

Именно с помощью заданий данного типа оценивается то, насколько умело выпускники школ применяют полученные знания на практике, владеют лексикой английского языка, знают правила, в соответствии с которыми языковые единицы сочетаются.

Максимально за выполнение заданий из этого раздела можно получить 20 баллов.

Раздел «Говорение» ЕГЭ по английскому языку представлен четырьмя заданиями, которые отличаются в соответствии с их целями.

1 задание. Цель – проверка фонетического оформления речи – произношение звуков английского языка, интонационное оформление предложений, а также техника чтения.

2 задание. Цель – проверка сформированности навыков построения вопросительных предложений. Вопрос должен иметь правильную грамматическую форму. Он должен быть правильно оформлен фонетически и интонационно.

3 задание (повышенный уровень). Цель – проверить сформированность навыков построения монологического высказывания, в том числе владение лексикой и правильной ее сочетаемостью в соответствии с коммуникативной задачей.

4 задание (высокий уровень). Цель – проверить сформированность навыков построения сравнительного монологического высказывания.

Таким образом, большая часть заданий в разделе посвящена оцениванию способностей учащихся правильно произносить отдельные звуки, а также сочетания нескольких букв, владеть навыками быстрого чтения, при котором сохраняется правильность форм слов, словосочетаний и разнообразных предложений. Именно в этих умениях заключается залог успеха при выполнении заданий.

В данном пособии будут рассмотрены основные приемы работы учителя при подготовке учащихся к выполнению первого задания данного раздела при сдаче ЕГЭ и ОГЭ по английскому языку. Работа над совершенствованием навыков чтения ведется в соответствии с двумя методиками развития техники чтения и понимания текста:

1. чтение текстов без пробелов, а также с пробелами в неправильных местах.

2. чтение текстов, слова в которых перевернуты задом наперед.

Еинетч вотскет зеб волеборп —еиненжарпу ан укворинерт хынвитпада йетсонбосопс агзом.

Чтениесл овзадомнапер едэтоод ноизупраж ненийнаосвое ниенавы каскорочтен ия. Благо даряем увы учите сьсосредотач ивать сяисам о на блюде нию. Чи тайт е попер еменно страницы – внормаль номрежи меиза дом наперед. По нятька к читать за дом напер едпомогутда нныевсборник еупражнения.

Представленное пособие предназначено для преподавателей, занимающихся подготовкой учащихся 8 – 11 классов к сдаче ЕГЭ и ОГЭ по английскому языку, а также для школьников, самостоятельно готовящихся к экзаменам. Использовать представленные рекомендации можно как при работе с учащимися индивидуально, так и при групповой работе.

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ

Данное пособие включает в себя два раздела. В первом читатели найдут тексты для тренировки навыков чтения, составленные в соответствии с тебованиями к сдаче ОГЭ, а также ВПР. Таким образом, на их основе может вестись работа на начальных этапах подготовки к ЕГЭ.

Второй раздел представляет усложненные тексты, работа с которыми рекомендована для учашихся, готовящихся к сдаче ЕГЭ.

Каждый текст представлен в 5 вариантах:

1. Исходный текст,

2. Текст, в котором отдельные слова написаны задом наперед,

3. Текст, в котором между словами имеются неправильные, ложные пробелы,

4. Текст, написанный полностью задом наперед (рекомендуется для самостоятельной работы как преподавателя, так и ученика, также может быть использован и в случае, когда подготовка к экзамену не требуется, но есть цель усовершенствовать имеющиеся навыки чтения)?

5. Текст, написанный полностью задом наперед с ложными прбелами.

В зависимости от степени сложности того или иного текста, количество ложных пробелов, а также перевернутых задом наперед слов может варьироваться.

РАЗДЕЛ 1. ТЕКСТЫ ФОРМАТА ОГЭ, ВПР

Text 1

Today it is hard to imagine Moscow being dark at night. Yet, the central streets of the city became bright only in 1730. Before then, Muscovites had to keep candles burning in the windows for passers-by. Most people also carried individual oil lamps when they walked late. During the summer months, candles and oil lamps were not allowed because of the risk of fire. Later, gas lanterns appeared. They were rather effective but the real progress started later, with electric lamps. 448 electric lamps were fixed in the centre of Moscow a century ago. At present, Moscow has a modern system of street lights with electronic control.

Today it is

drah

to imagine Moscow

gnieb

dark at night.

Tey

, the central streets of the city

emaceb

bright only

1730. Before

neht

, Muscovites had

keep candles burning in

eht

swodniw

for passers-by.

Tsom

people also carried individual

lio

lamps when they walked

etal

. During the

remmus

months, candles and oil lamps

erew

not allowed because

the risk of fire. Later,

sag

lanterns appeared.

Yeht

were rather effective

tub

the real progress

detrats

later, with electric

spmal

. 448 electric lamps were

dexif

in the

ertnec

of Moscow a century ago.

present, Moscow

sah

a modern system of street

sthgil

with electronic

lortnoc

To dayit is hardto im agine Mos cowbeing darka tnight. Yet, the centralstreets of thecitybe came brighton ly in 1730. Beforethen, Muscov ites hadtokeep candles burningin thewin dows for passers-by. Mostpe ople al socar riedindiv idual oillamps whenthey walk edlate. Duringthe sum mermon ths, candle sand oillamps wereno tallow edbec auseoft he riskoffire. La ter, gaslantern sap pear ed. They we rerather ef fectivebut the realprogress startedlater, wi thelectric lamps. 448 ele ctricla mpsw ere fixedin th e centre o fMoscow a centuryago. A tp resent, Moscowhasa m odernsyste m ofstreetl ight swith ele ctroniccontrol.

.lortnoc cinortcele htiw sthgil teerts fo metsys nredom a sah wocsoM, tneserp tA. oga yrutnec a wocsoM fo ertnec eht ni dexif erew spmal cirtcele 844.spmal cirtcele htiw, retal detrats ssergorp laer eht tub evitceffe rehtar erew yehT. deraeppa snretnal sag, retaL. erif fo ksir eht fo esuaceb dewolla ton erew spmal lio dna seldnac, shtnom remmus eht gniruD. etal deklaw yeht nehw spmal lio laudividni deirrac osla elpoep tsoM. yb-sressap rof swodniw eht ni gninrub seldnac peek ot dah setivocsuM, neht erofeB.0371 ni ylno thgirb emaceb ytic eht fo steerts lartnec eht, teY. thgin ta krad gnieb wocsoM enigami ot drah si ti yadoT

.lortnoccinortc ele htiws thgi lteertsfo m etsysnredo m asahwocsoM, tneser pt A. ogayrutnec a wocsoMf o ertnec e ht nidexif ere wspm alcirtc ele 844.spmal cirtceleht iw, retaldetrats ssergorplaer eht tubevitcef fe rehtarer ew yehT. de raep pas nretnalsag, ret aL. eriffoksir eh tfoesua cebde wollat onerew spmallio dnas eldnac, sht nomrem mus ehtgniruD. etalde klaw yehtnehw spmallio laudi vidnideir racos la elpo eptsoM. yb-sressap rof swod niweht nigninrub seldnac peekotdah seti vocsuM, nehterofeB.0371 ni yl nothgirb emac ebyticeht fo steertslartnec eht, teY. thgint akrad gniebwoc soM eniga mi otdrah si tiyad oT

Text 2

According to surveys, the popularity of bikes is growing. More than 700 cities in the world have joined a new program for cyclists. Any person can take a vacant bike and park it back at any bike station on their way. One can find information about the bike stations on smartphone maps. Cycling in cities helps to lessen the problems of stress and air pollution. Research held in London in 2017 confirmed this fact. People felt calmer after they rode to the office instead of driving. Also, bikes do not produce harmful gases.

According

surveys,

eht

popularity of

sekib

is growing.

Erom

than 700

seitic

in the world

evah

joined a

wen

program for cyclists. Any

nosrep

can take a vacant bike

dna

park it back at

yna

bike station on their

yaw

. One can

dnif

information about the bike

snoitats

on smartphone

spam

. Cycling in cities

spleh

to lessen the

smelborp

of stress and

ria

pollution.

Hcraeser

held in London

2017 confirmed

siht

fact. People felt

remlac

after they rode to

eht

office instead fo driving. Also, bikes do

ton

produce harmful

sesag

Acco rding tosurveys, t he popul arity ofbikesi s growing. Mo rethan 700 citi esin th eworld h avejoinedan ew programforcyc list s. Anyp erson c antake avacantbike an dparkit ba ck ata ny bikestat ionon the irwa y. On ecan f in dinformation a boutt hebikes tation son smartp ho nemaps. Cycl in gincities he lp sto les se nthe probl em sofs tressan dair pol luti on. Re searc hhel din L on d on in 2017 con firmedthis f act. Peopl efelt cal merafter th eyrode tothe of fice in steadofdriving. Als o, b ikesdo notproduce harm fulgases.

.sesag lufmrah ecudorp ton od sekib, oslA. gnivird fo daetsni eciffo eht ot edor yeht retfa remlac tlef elpoeP. tcaf siht demrifnoc 7102 ni nodnoL ni dleh hcraeseR. noitullop ria dna sserts fo smelborp eht nessel ot spleh seitic ni gnilcyC. spam enohptrams no snoitats ekib eht tuoba noitamrofni dnif nac enO. yaw rieht no noitats ekib yna ta kcab ti krap dna ekib tnacav a ekat nac nosrep ynA. stsilcyc rof margorp wen a denioj evah dlrow eht ni seitic 007 naht eroM. gniworg si sekib fo ytiralupop eht, syevrus ot gnidroccA

.sesagluf mrah ecudorpton odseki b,o slA. gnivirdfodaets ni ecif fo ehtot edorye ht retfarem lac tlefe lpoeP. tca f sihtdemrif noc 7102 ni no d no L nid lehh craes eR. no itul lop riad nassert sfos me lborp ehtn es sel ots pl eh seiticnig ni lcyC. spamen oh ptrams nos noitat sekibeh ttuob a noitamrofnid ni f nace nO. y awri eht nonoi tatsekib yn ata kc ab tikrapd na ekibtnacava ekatna c nosre pynA. s tsil cycrofmargorp we nadeniojeva h dlrowe ht nise itic 007 nahter oM. gniworg s isekibfo ytira lupop eh t, syevrusot gnidr occA

Text 3

Glass is a natural mineral. Natural glass is grey and hard to look through. Man-made glass was first produced in Egypt 5000 years ago. It was used for decorations because it had a green or blue colour. The secret of clear glass was found in Europe only in the 13th century. At the same time, craftsmen learned to produce lenses to look at small objects or to be used by people who had problems with their eyes. This is how the first glasses appeared. Glass dishes and mirrors became popular later with the rise of technology. In Russia, the first glass factory was built in Moscow region in 1654.

Ssalg

is a natural

larenim

. Natural

ssalg

grey and hard

look

hguorht

. Man-made glass

saw

first produced

Egypt 5000 years

oga

. It was

desu

for decorations because

had a green

eulb

colour. The

terces

of clear

ssalg

was

dnuof

Europe only

eht

13th

yrutnec

. At the same

emit

, craftsmen

denrael

to produce

sesnel

to look at small objects

to be used

people

ohw

had problems

htiw

their

seye

. This is

woh

the first

sessalg

appeared.

Sslag

dishes

dna

srorrim

became

ralupop

later with

eht

rise

technology.

Russia,

eht

first glass

yrotcaf

was

tliub

Wocsom

region

1654.

Glassis ana tura l min eral. Natura lgl assis gre yan d h ard tolookth rough. Man-ma deglasswas fi rstpro duced inEgy pt 5000 yea rsag o. Itwas used f or dec orat ionsbeca use it h ad agreen o rblue co lour. Thesecre tof cl ear glasswas fou ndin Europ eo nly int he 13thcen tury. Atthesa me ti m e, craft smen le arnedtopro duce le nsestolook a t sm all obje ctsorto beus ed b y peo plewhohad proble mswith the irey es. Thisis h owth e fir stglass esapp ear ed. Glassdis hesandmirror s bec ame popu la rlaterwi th theriseo ftechno log y. InRu ssia, thefirstgla ss fact orywasbu iltinMos cowre gionin 1654.

.4561 ni noiger wocsoM ni tliub saw yrotcaf ssalg tsrif eht, aissuR nI. ygolonhcet fo esir eht htiw retal ralupop emaceb srorrim dna sehsid ssalG. deraeppa sessalg tsrif eht woh si sihT. seye rieht htiw smelborp dah ohw elpoep yb desu eb ot ro stcejbo llams ta kool ot sesnel ecudorp ot denrael nemstfarc, emit emas eht tA. yrutnec ht31 eht ni ylno eporuE ni dnuof saw ssalg raelc fo terces ehT. ruoloc eulb ro neerg a dah ti esuaceb snoitaroced rof desu saw tI. oga sraey 0005 tpygE ni decudorp tsrif saw ssalg edam-naM. hguorht kool ot drah dna yerg si ssalg larutaN. larenim larutan a si ssalG

.4561 ninoig erwoc soMnitli ubsawyro tcaf ss algtsrifeht, aiss uRnI. y gol onhcetf oesireht ht iwretalr al upop ema ceb s rorrimdnaseh sidssalG. de rae ppase ssalgts rif e htwo h sisihT. se yeri eht htiwsm elborp dahohwelp oep y b de sueb otrostc ejbo lla ms t a koolotsesn el ecud orpotdenra el nems tfarc, e m it em asehttA. yrut necht31 eh tni yln oe poruE nidn uof sawssalg rae lc fot ercesehT. ruol oc eulbr o neerga da h ti esu acebsnoi taro ced ro f desu sawtI. o gasr aey 0005 tp ygEni decud orptsr if sawssalged am-naM. hguor htkoolot dra h d nay erg sissa lgl arutaN. lare nim l arut ana sissalG

Text 4

People have always wanted to learn and share information. At different times they I used different methods to exchange news. They made fires and beat drums to signal important events. Later, they invented letters which were carried by special people called runners. They had to cover long distances to deliver information. The use of horses and birds made the delivery quicker. The state post in Russia appeared in the 17th century. It was rather slow but quite reliable. In 1851, the post started to use the railway. Since then the speed of information exchange has been growing constantly.

People

evah

always wanted

learn

dna

share information.

different

semit

they used

tnereffid

methods

exchange

swen

Yeht

made

serif

and

teab

smurd

to signal important

stneve

Retal

, they invented

srettel

which were

deirrac

by special

elpoep

called runners. They

dah

revoc

long distances

deliver

noitamrofni

. The

esu

sesroh

and

sdrid

made the delivery

rekciuq

Eht

state

tsop

Aissur

appeared in

eht

17th century.

was rather

wols

but quite reliable. In 1851, the post

detrats

to use the

yawliar

. Since

neht

the speed

information

egnahcxe

has been

gniworg

constantly.

Peop le h aveal way swan tedtole arn an ds hare inf ormat io n. Atdif fe r enttime sth eyIu sedd ifferen t m etho dst o exch ang e ne ws. Th eymade fir esan db e at d rumsto si gna li mpo rtantev e nts. La ter, t heyinven te dlet terswhic hwe re c arr iedbys peci alpeop lecal le d run ne rs. T heyhadto cov erlo ngdis tanc estodel ive rin for mat ion. T he us eo fho rs esand bi rds ma det hedel iver yquic ker. Thes tatepos tin Rus si aapp eare dinth e 17th centu ry. Itwa srat hers lowb utquite re li able. In 1851, th e po stst artedtou sethera il way. Sinceth enth esp eedo finfor mat i on exch ange ha sb ee ngr owingcon stant l y.

.yltnatsnoc gniworg neeb sah egnahcxe noitamrofni fo deeps eht neht ecniS. yawliar eht esu ot detrats tsop eht,1581 nI. elbailer etiuq tub wols rehtar saw tI. yrutnec ht71 eht ni deraeppa aissuR ni tsop etats ehT. rekciuq yreviled eht edam sdrib dna sesroh fo esu ehT. noitamrofni reviled ot secnatsid gnol revoc ot dah yehT. srennur dellac elpoep laiceps yb deirrac erew hcihw srettel detnevni yeht, retaL. stneve tnatropmi langis ot smurd taeb dna serif edam yehT. swen egnahcxe ot sdohtem tnereffid desu I yeht semit tnereffid tA. noitamrofni erahs dna nrael ot detnaw syawla evah elpoeP

.y l tnats nocgniwo rgn ee bs ah egna hcxe no i tam rofnif odee pse htne htecniS. yaw li arehtes uotdetra tsts op e ht,1581 nI. elba il er etiuqtu bwol sreh tars awtI. yr utnec ht71 e htnid erae ppaa is suR nit sopetat sehT. rek ciuqy revi ledeh ted am sdr ib dnase sr ohf oe su eh T. noi tam rof nir evi ledotse cnat sidgn olre voc otdahyeh T. sr en nur d el lacel poepla icep sybdei rra c er ewh cihwsret teld et nevniyeh t, ret aL. stn e vetnatr opm il ang is otsmur d ta e bd nase rif edamye hT. sw en e gna hcxe o tsd ohte m t nereffi ddes uIye hts emittne r ef fidtA. n oi tamro fni erah sd na nra elotdet naws yaw laeva h el poeP

Text 5

Making weather forecasts is hard, complicated, scientific work. 70 per cent of its success depends on the accurate analysis of air pressure. Areas of pressure up to 9 kilometers above the Earth are measured by computers. Devices also record the vertical movement of air that can cause clouds, rain and snow. If the air goes down towards the Earth, it destroys the clouds and we can enjoy the blue sky. A front in the atmosphere is another important factor for predicting the weather. The fronts may stretch for thousands of kilometers and can be clearly seen from space. It’s interesting that cold fronts move faster than warm ones.

Making

rehtaew

forecasts

drah

, complicated,

cifitneics

work. 70

rep

cent of

sti

success

sdneped

on the accurate analysis of

ria

pressure.

Saera

of pressure

to 9

sretemolik

above the Earth are

derusaem

by computers.

Secived

also record

eht

vertical

tnemevom

of air that

nac

cause

sduolc

, rain and

wons

. If the

ria

goes

nwod

towards the

Htrae

, it destroys

eht

clouds and

can

yojne

the blue yks. A

tnorf

in the atmosphere is

rehtona

important factor for

gnitciderp

the weather. The

stnorf

may stretch

rof

thousands of kilometers and

nac

be clearly

nees

from

ecaps

. It’s interesting that

dloc

fronts move faster

naht

warm

seno

Mak ing weat her f orec astsish ard, c ompl ica ted, s cien tifi cwork. 70 perc ento fits s ucc essd epe ndson t hea cc uratea nalys is o fair pres su re. A reasofpres su reupt o 9 kilo meter sabovet heE art hare m easu red b ycompute rs. D evic esals orec ordth everticalmove men tof air th at c an ca u seclo uds, ra in an dsn ow. Ifth eai rgoe s do wntowardstheEarth, itdestroyst he cloudsandw e canen joy th eblue s ky. Afront int heatmosphere i sanotherimporta nt fa ctorfo rpredi ctingthe wea t her. Thefro ntsma ystret chfo rth ousan dsof ki lometersand canbe cl earlyseen fromspa ce. It’sint erest ingthatco ldfr ontsm ove f asterth anwarmones.

seno mraw naht retsaf evom stnorf dloc taht gnitseretni s’tI. ecaps morf nees ylraelc eb nac dna sretemolik fo sdnasuoht rof hcterts yam stnorf ehT. rehtaew eht gnitciderp rof rotcaf tnatropmi rehtona si erehpsomta eht ni tnorf A. yks eulb eht yojne nac ew dna sduolc eht syortsed ti, htraE eht sdrawot nwod seog ria eht fI. wons dna niar, sduolc esuac nac taht ria fo tnemevom lacitrev eht drocer osla seciveD. sretupmoc yb derusaem era htraE eht evoba sretemolik 9 ot pu erusserp fo saerA. erusserp ria fo sisylana etarucca eht no sdneped sseccus sti fo tnec rep 07.krow cifitneics, detacilpmoc, drah si stsacerof rehtaew gnikaM

.senomrawna htretsa f evo mstno rfdl octahtgni tsere tnis’tI. ec apsmorf neesylrae lc ebnac dnasretemol ik fosd nasuo htr ofhc tertsy amstn orfehT. reh t aew ehtgnitc iderpr ofrotc af tn atropmirehtonas i erehpsomtaeh tni tnorfA. yk s eulbe ht yoj nenac e wdnasduolc eh tsyortsedti, htraEehtsdrawotnw od s eogr iae htfI. wo nsd na ni ar, sdu olces u ac na c ta ht ria fot nem evomlacitreve htdro cero slase cive D. sr etupmocy b der usae m erah tra Eeh tevobas retem olik 9 o tpuer us serpfosaer A. er us serp riaf o si sylan aetaru cc aeh t nosdn epe dsse ccu s stif otne crep 07.krowc ifit neic s, det aci lpmo c, dra hsistsa cero f reh taew gni kaM

Text 6

Scientists have long been working on new orbital technologies for growing plants. They tried to grow different plants on the International Space Station. Then the plants were sent back to the Earth for further study. This year, for the first time, astronauts could eat green leaves grown in space. Space farming is extremely important for the future space missions planned to Mars because it gives fresh food and vitamins. The new plant growing system is very smart. It informs humans when the plants need water. Special sensors measure the thickness of the leaves. If they become too thin, detectors send signals. This technology helps save water in space and grow a good harvest.

Scientists

evah

long

neeb

working

new

latibro

technologies

rof

growing

stnalp

. They

deirt

to grow different

stnalp

on the International

Ecaps

Station. Then the

stnalp

were sent

kcab

to the Earth for

rehtruf

study.

Siht

year, for

eht

first

emit

, astronauts

dluoc

eat green

sevael

grown in

ecaps

. Space

gnimraf

is extremely important

rof

the future

ecaps

missions

dennalp

to Mars because it

sevig

fresh

doof

and vitamins. The

wen

plant growing

metsys

is very

trams

. It informs

snamuh

when the plants

deen

water. Special

srosnes

measure the thickness

the

sevael

. If they become

oot

thin, detectors

dnes

signals.

Siht

technology

spleh

save water in

ecaps

and

worg

a good

tsevrah

Scie ntis ts h avel on gbeenwor king o nn eworb italte chno logi es forgro wing p lan t s. Th yet ried t o growdif ferentplant son theInt ernatio nal Sp ace St at ion. Thenth e p lantswere sent b ack tothe Ear th forfurt herst udy. Thi syear, fort he f irstt ime, astro na ut scoul deat g re enleavesg ro wnin sp ace. Spacef armingi s ext remelyim portantfo rthefu turespa cemissio nsplan nedtoMa rs becau se itgiv esf reshf oo dand vitam in s. Then ewpl ant g row in gs ystemi sverys mart. Iti nformshuma ns wh enth eplants needwa ter. Specials ensors me a sure t hethic kness o fthel eaves. Ifthe ybe comet oo thi n, de tectorss ends ig nals. Th istech no logyhe lpssav e w aterin spa ceandgr owag oo dharv est.

.tsevrah doog a worg dna ecaps ni retaw evas spleh ygolonhcet sihT. slangis dnes srotceted, niht oot emoceb yeht fI. sevael eht fo ssenkciht eht erusaem srosnes laicepS. retaw deen stnalp eht nehw snamuh smrofni tI. trams yrev si metsys gniworg tnalp wen ehT. snimativ dna doof hserf sevig ti esuaceb sraM ot dennalp snoissim ecaps erutuf eht rof tnatropmi ylemertxe si gnimraf ecapS. ecaps ni nworg sevael neerg tae dluoc stuanortsa, emit tsrif eht rof, raey sihT. yduts rehtruf rof htraE eht ot kcab tnes erew stnalp eht nehT. noitatS ecapS lanoitanretnI eht no stnalp tnereffid worg ot deirt yehT. stnalp gniworg rof seigolonhcet latibro wen no gnikrow neeb gnol evah stsitneicS

.tse vrahd oo gawo rgdnaec aps nireta w e vasspl ehygol on hcetsi hT. slan gi sdne ssrotcet ed, n iht oo temoc eby ehtfI. sevae lehtf o ssenk cihteh t erus a em srosne slaicepS. ret awdeen stnalpe htne hw sn amuhsmrofn itI. tram syrevs imetsy sg ni wor g tna lpwe nehT. s ni mativ dnad oo fhser fse vigti es uaceb sr aMotden nalpsn oissimec apserut ufehtr oftnatrop miylemer txe s ignimra fecapS. eca ps ninw or gsevaelne er g taed luocs tu an ortsa, emi ttsri f eh trof, raeys ihT. ydu tsreh trufrof ht raE ehtot kca b tnes erewstnal p e htnehT. noi ta tS eca pS lan oitanre tnIeht nos tnalptneref fidworg o t deir tey hT. s t nal p gniw orgrof se igol onhc etlati browe nn o gnik rowneebg no leva h st sitn eicS.

Text 7

Within the next hundred years or so, people will have to get energy from alternative sources. Alternative sources are also needed to put a stop to pollution. There are different alternative sources that are already successfully used in many countries. One example is the Dead Sea, which produces electricity. When the sun heats the surface of the lake, the hotter and heavier layers of salty water sink. At the same time, the colder and lighter layers rise. The hot water can be stored at the bottom of the lake or piped away. It can be used to heat many buildings or to generate electricity. It costs only a third as much as oil heating.

Within the

txen

hundred

sraey

or os, people

lliw

have to

teg

ygrene

from alternative

secruos

. Alternative

secruos

are also

dedeen

to put a

pots

to pollution. There are

tnereffid

alternative sources

taht

are already

yllufsseccus

used in many countries.

Eno

example is the

Daed

Sea,

hcihw

produces electricity.

Nehw

the sun

staeh

the surface of

eht

lake, the

rettoh

and heavier

sreyal

of salty water

knis

. At the same

emit

, the

redloc

and lighter layers

esir

. The

toh

water can

stored at

eht

mottob

of the lake or

depip

away. It

nac

be used to heat

ynam

buildings or to

etareneg

electricity. It

stsoc

only a third as

hcum

as oil

gnitaeh

Wit hinth en ext hund red y ears o rs o, pe oplewil lh ave t ogetenergyfro malter nativesou rc es. Altern ativesou rcesareal so n eed edto puta st optop olluti on. The reare di fferent a lternat ives ourc esthatar ealr ea dysuccess full yus edinm any cou ntr ies. O neex ampleist he De ad Se a, wh ichpr odu ceselectri city. Wh enthesu nheat sthe sur faceof t helake, thehot terandhe av ierlayerso fsalty wa ters ink. A tt hesa meti me, t he cold erandlight erlay ers ri se. Theho t w aterca nbest oredatthe bot tomoft he lak eorpi pedaw ay. Itc an beus edtoh eatm anybu ild in gs o rt o g en erateele ctr icity. I tcostson ly athi rdas m ucha soil he a ting.

.gnitaeh lio sa hcum sa driht a ylno stsoc tI. yticirtcele etareneg ot ro sgnidliub ynam taeh ot desu eb nac tI. yawa depip ro ekal eht fo mottob eht ta derots eb nac retaw toh ehT. esir sreyal rethgil dna redloc eht, emit emas eht tA. knis retaw ytlas fo sreyal reivaeh dna rettoh eht, ekal eht fo ecafrus eht staeh nus eht nehW. yticirtcele secudorp hcihw, aeS daeD eht si elpmaxe enO. seirtnuoc ynam ni desu yllufsseccus ydaerla era taht secruos evitanretla tnereffid era erehT. noitullop ot pots a tup ot dedeen osla era secruos evitanretlA. secruos evitanretla morf ygrene teg ot evah lliw elpoep, os ro sraey derdnuh txen eht nihtiW

.gnit a eh lios ahcu m sadr ihta yl nostsoct I. ytici rtc eleetare ne g o tr o sg ni dli ubyna mtae hotde sueb na ctI. ya wadep iproe kal eh tfomot tob ehttadero tsebn acreta w t ohehT. es ir sre yalre thgildnare dloc eh t, em item aseh tt A. kni sret aw ytlasf osreyalrei va ehdnaret toheht, ekaleh t foecaf rus ehts taehn usehtne hW. ytic irtcelesec udo rphci hw, a eS da eD eh tsielpma xeen O. sei rtn uoc yna mnide suy lluf sseccusyd ae rlae ratahtse cruo sevi tanretl a tnereff id eraer ehT. no itullo potpo ts atup otde dee n os laerasecr uosevita nretlA. se cr uosevitan retlam orfygrenetego t eva hl liwelpo ep, o sr o srae y der dnuh txe ne htnih tiW

Text 8

The first linguistic theories appeared around the 5th century B.C. in India, Greec

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